@article {523, title = {Biogenic stalactites in submarine caves at the Cape of Otranto (SE Italy): dating and hypothesis on their formation Uni}, journal = {Marine Ecology Evolutionary Perspective}, year = {2009}, edition = {DiSTeBA}, keywords = {14C dating, Coralligenous, ecology, gregarious behaviour, Protula tubularia, Pseudostalactites, Serpulid concretions, Submarine caves}, author = {Genuario Belmonte and Lucio Calcagnile and Raffaele Onorato and Marisa D{\textquoteright}Elia and Gianluca Quarta and Marco Poto and Gianmarco Ingrosso} } @article {371, title = {Adapting to climate change: natural resource management and vulnerability reduction}, year = {2008}, keywords = {climate, climate change, management, vulnerability}, author = {IUCN and International Institute for Sustainable Development and Stockholm Environment Institute and Worldwatch Institute} } @article {327, title = {Alien species in the Mediterranean Sea - which, when, where, why?}, journal = { Hydrobiologia}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

A critical evaluation of more than 2,200 publications, some dating back to the late 1800s, established the presence, and traced the spatio-temporal spread, of 558 alien metazoan species in the Mediterranean Sea. The majority of aliens in the eastern Mediterranean entered through the Suez Canal, whereas mariculture and shipping are powerful means of introduction in the northwestern Mediterranean and in the Adriatic Sea. Most aliens are thermophilic species. The possible causes for the epic scale of invasion in the Mediterranean Sea are discussed.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, alien species, climate change, eastern Mediterranean, introduction, Mediterranean sea, stressor}, author = {B. Galil} } @article {317, title = {Assessing effects of fishing prohibition on Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadows in the Marine Natural Reserve of Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls}, journal = { Aquatic Botany}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

The potential of alleviated fishing pressure measures established at the Marine Natural Reserve of Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls to affect phenological characters of P. oceanica, the main canopy-forming seagrass, was studied. Our results show differences in some leaf parameters between meadows under fishing prohibition measures compared to those without. In addition shallow P. oceanica meadows inside MPAs had lower non-structural carbohydrate content, yet are able to maintain themselves and, moreover, with an increased density. On the other hand, sexual reproduction was educed inside protected areas.

}, keywords = {assessment, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, density, effectiveness, fishing prohibition, France, grazing, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, natural reserve, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, protection effectiveness, Sarpa salpa, seagrass, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {B. Ferrari and S. Planes and N. Raventos} } @article {393, title = {Biological and socioeconomic implications of recreational boat fishing for the management of fishery resources in the marine reserve of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean)}, journal = { Fisheries Research}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

A survey of coastal recreational boat fishing was conducted in summer 2006 in the marine reserve of Cap de Creus (NW Mediterranean) to assess the biological and socioeconomic implications of this leisure activity. Recreational boat fishers employ four different fishing techniques: bottom fishing rod, fluixa, trolling and surface fishing rod. Although the targeted species depend on the fishing method used, a total of 33 fish species were identified in the catch (8 were pelagic or benthopelagic and the rest were demersal). Fishing effort was high since fishers fished an average of 4 h/day, 8 days/month and nearly 6 months/year. Apart from the highly varied exploitation of the fauna, recreational fishing in Cap de Creus has a large economic effect on the local economy since the majority of fishers were visitors who were spending holidays in one of the villages belonging to the Park, where most of expenditures related to angling activities were made. Overall, results highlight the pressure that recreational boat fishing exerts on fish communities, particularly on littoral, demersal ones. Considering these biological and socioeconomic implications, the competition between recreational and artisanal fishers for littoral resources and the low level of compliance with the current sport fishing regulations, the implementation of a comprehensive management strategy in Mediterranean costal areas is needed.

}, keywords = {artisanal fishery, boating, Cape Creus, economic effect, economy, fauna, fish, fishery, fishery impact, fishing prohibition, littoral, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, protected area, recreationnal fishery, regulation, socioeconomic aspects, Spain, western Mediterranean}, author = {J. Lloret and V. Riera and D. Caballero and N. Zaragoza} } @article {372, title = {Climate change and nature - Adapting for the future}, year = {2008}, note = {

Document d{\textquoteright}information

}, abstract = {

Conservation strategies have taken little account of the expected impacts of climate changeScant attention has been paid to the changes that are likely to occur to the world{\textquoteright}s biodiversity over the next few decades due to climate change. Given our investment in protected areas and other conservation strategies, we need to pay more attention to incorporating climate change into our decisions.

}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, conservation, impact, protected area}, author = {IUCN and WWF and English Nature and Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)} } @proceedings {518, title = {Conclusions of the Workshops of the MedPAN INTERREG IIIC Project 2005-2007 / Conclusions des ateliers de travail du projet INTERREG IIIC MedPAN 2005 - 2007}, year = {2008}, publisher = {WWF-France}, edition = {Piante,C.}, abstract = {

This document summarizes the conclusions of the MedPAN network{\textquoteright}s 7 workshops held between May 2005 and June 2007 within the framework of the INTERREG IIIC MedPAN project. Each of these workshops focused on a topic related to one or more priority management issues identified by the managers of Mediterranean marine protected areas within the MedPAN project with the aim of discussing these issues and encouraging exchanges of experiences between managers.The workshop and the topics dealt with were the following: Education and communication, Management planning, Sustainable management of touris, Financing and economic impact of MPAs, Sustainable management of fisheries and surveillance, Consultation and consensus building and Management of Habitats and Species.Ce document fait la synth\èse des conclusions des 7 ateliers de travail du r\éseau MedPAN qui se sont tenus entre mai 2005 et juin 2007 dans le cadre du projet INTERREG IIIC MedPAN. Chacun de ces ateliers a port\é sur un th\ème correspondant

}, keywords = {awareness, communication, concertation, conservation, consultation and consencus building, economy, education, financement, fishery, gestion, habitat, impact, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, network, planning, protected area, r{\'e}seau, surveillance, sustainable fishery, sustainable tourism, tourism}, author = {WWF-MedPAN} } @proceedings {492, title = {Cyprus water resources - Planning and climate change adaptation}, journal = { Water, wetlands and climate change - Building linkages for their integrated management}, year = {2008}, publisher = {IUCN}, abstract = {

Because of climate change and its immediate impact on the reduction of the natural water resources availability, the Government of Cyprus has set up a Drought Management Committee with the responsibility of implementing measures to mitigate the adverse effects from drought and also water scarcity problems. In parallel to this, realizing the need for additional water, the Government decided to introduce seawater desalination for augmenting the water availability and increasing the reliability of water supply from the existing Government Water Projects.

}, keywords = {adaptation, changement climatique, Chypre, climate, climate change, Cyprus, impact, management, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, ressource en eau, water resource}, author = {N.X. Tsiourtis} } @article {508, title = {Habitat connectivity as a factor affecting fish assemblages in temperate reefs}, journal = {Aquatic Biology}, volume = {1}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

Habitat connectivity exerts a significant effect on the structure of biological communities. However, it is generally difficult to study such an effect while controlling for other specific components of habitat structure. Here, temperate fish assemblages were studied in artificial reefs in localities differing chiefly in connectivity among complex habitat patches. Total fish abundance and biomass were higher in localities with high habitat connectivity, while species evenness followed the opposite trend. In most cases, the assemblages can also be distinguished by composition and relative abundance of species, as well as multispecies variability. Species responses were related to specific ecological profiles. Small species and those with restricted mobility were associated with high habitat connectivity. By contrast, medium-sized, off-reef foragers and vagile species were associated with reef isolation. The abundance ratio between 2 representative families of both groups of species, labrids and sparids, confirmed this finding. The temporal consistency of the observed patterns was also studied. The assemblages differed between periods of the year in terms of species composition and relative abundances. Total fish abundance, number of species and evenness were higher during the cold period than the warm, due to the presence of transient species. The results highlight the importance of habitat connectivity for the conservation and management of Mediterranean reef fishes.

}, keywords = {artificial reef, assemblage, biomass, Castellamare, connectivity, conservation, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, fishery reserve, habitat, habitat connectivity, Italy, labridae, management, Mediterranean sea, population, reefs, Sicilia, sparidae, spatial heterogeneity, temporal heterogeneity, trend, western Mediterranean}, author = {T. Vega Fernandez and G. D{\textquoteright}Anna and F. Badalamenti and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa} } @article {352, title = {Italian marine reserve effectiveness: Does enforcement matter?}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) have become popular tools worldwide for ecosystem conservation and fishery management. Fish assemblages can benefit from protection provided by MPAs, especially those that include fully no-take reserves. Fish response to protection can thus be used to evaluate the effectiveness of marine reserves. Most target fish are highlevel predators and their overfishing may affect entire communities through trophic cascades.In the Mediterranean rocky sublittoral, marine reserves may allow fish predators of sea urchins to recover and thus whole communities to be restored from coralline barrens to macroalgae. Such direct and indirect reserve effects, however, are likely to be related to the enforcement implemented. In Italy, many MPAs that include no-take reserves have been declared, but little effort has been spent to enforce them. This is a worldwide phenomenon (although more common in some regions than others) that may cause MPAs and reserves to fail to meet their targets. We found that 3 of 15 Italian marine reserves investigated had adequate enforcement, and that patterns of recovery of target fish were related to enforcement. No responses were detected when all reserves were analyzed as a whole, suggesting enforcement as an important factor to be considered in future studies particularly to avoid that positive ecological responses in properly managed reserves can be masked by neutral/negative results in paper parks. Positive responses were observed for large piscivores (e.g. dusky groupers) and sea urchin predators at reserves where enforcement was effective. Those reserves with low or null enforcement did not differ from fished areas.

}, keywords = {assemblage, benefit, conservation, dusky, ecosystem, effectiveness, enforcement, fish, fish assemblage, fishery, Italy, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, reserve effect, sea urchin, western Mediterranean, zoning plan}, author = {P. Guidetti and A. Pais and M. Murenu and A. Molinari and S. Bussotti and M. Milazzo and N. Spano and A. Cau and R. Cattaneo-Vietti and G. Carrada and F. Boero and T. Agardy and R. Balzano and R. Chemello and L. Tunesi and G. Fulvio Russo and G. Notarbartolo di Sciara and A. Manganaro and S. Greco} } @article {266, title = {Marine Biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: Situation, Problems and Prospects for Future Research}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, year = {2008}, chapter = {367-376}, abstract = {

Mediterranean marine biodiversity has received only a fraction of the attention accorded to its terrestrial counterpart, despite the great cultural and economic importance that the sea has been having for the Mediterranean countries. A rough estimate of more than 8500 species of macroscopic marine organisms should live in the Mediterranean Sea, corresponding to somewhat between 4\% and 18\% of the world marine species. This is a conspicuous figure if one considers that the Mediterranean Sea is only 0.82\% in surface area and 0.32\% in volume as compared to the world ocean. The high biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea may be explained by historical (its tradition of study dates older than for almost any other sea), paleogeographic (its tormented geological history through the last 5 my has been determining the occurrence of distinct biogeographic categories), and ecological (its variety of climatic and hydrologic situations within a single basin has probably no equals in the world) reasons. Present-day Mediterranean biodiversity is undergoing rapid alteration under the combined pressure of climate change and human impact, but protection measures, either for species or ecosystems, are still scarce. To understand the role and patterns of Mediterranean marine biodiversity, marine ecological research should: forst, re-value those scientific areas currently unfashionable with funding agencies (systematics, biogeography and taxonomy); second, start monitoring biodiversity with a long-term approach at a wholeMediterranean scale, possibly through an internationally co-ordinated network of marine protected areas.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, biogeography, climate, climate change, ecosystem, history, human impact, impact, long-term monitoring, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, network, ocean, protected area, protection, research}, author = {Bianchi and Marine Pollution Bulletin} } @article {294, title = {Marine reserves: size and age do matter}, journal = {Ecology Letters}, year = {2008}, chapter = {481-489}, abstract = {

Marine reserves are widely used throughout the world to prevent overfishing and conserve biodiversity, but uncertainties remain about their optimal design. The effects of marine reserves are heterogeneous. Despite theoretical findings, empirical studies have previously found no effect of size on the effectiveness of marine reserves in protecting commercial fish stocks. Using 58 datasets from 19 European marine reserves( dont Cabo de Palos, Tabarca , San Antonio , Columbretes , Medes Islands , Cerbere-Banyuls , Cap Couronne, Carry-le-Rouet , Bouches de Bonifacio, Sinis Mal di Ventre), we show that reserve size and age do matter: Increasing the size of the no-take zone increases the density of commercial fishes within the reserve compared with outside; whereas the size of the buffer zone has the opposite effect. Moreover, positive effects of marine reserve on commercial fish species and species richness are linked to the time elapsed since the establishment of the protection scheme. The reserve size-dependency of the response to protection has strong implications for the spatial management of coastal areas because marine reserves are used for spatial zoning.

}, keywords = {assemblage, biodiversity, Bouches de Bonifacio, buffer zone, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, Columbretes, C{\^o}te Bleue, density, design, effectiveness, fish, fish assemblage, France, heterogeneity, island, Italy, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, network, no-take area, protected area, protection, San Antonio, Sinis - Mal di Ventre, size, Spain, species richness, Tabarca, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {Claudet and Osenberg and Benedetti-Cecchi and Domenici and Garcia-Charton and P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and Badalamenti and Bayle-Sempere and Brito and Bulleri and Culioli and Dimech and Falcon and Guala and Milazzo and Sanchez-Meca and Somerfield and Stobart and Vandeperre and Valle and Planes} } @article {437, title = {Models and indicators for assessing conservation ans fisheries-related effects of marine protected areas}, journal = {Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.}, volume = {65}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

Two kinds of approaches have been used to assessing conservation and fisheries-related effects of marine protected areas (MPAs) : (i) statistical modelling based on fiel data and (ii) mathematical modelling quantifying the consequences of MPAs on the dynamics of populations, communities, and fisheries. Statictical models provide a diagnostic on the impact od MPAs on the ecosystem and resources; they are also needed for devising and assessing sampling designs for monitoring programs. Dynamics models enable exploration of teh conseqences of MPA designs ans other management policies. We briefly review how each of these approaches has been implemented up to now in the literature and identify potential indicators of MPA effects that can be obtained from each approach to provide scientific advice for managers. Methodologicals gaps that impede the assessment of MPA effects and the constryction of appropirate indicatoes are the discussed, and recent developments in the respect are presented. We finally propose ways to reconcile the two approaches based in their complementarity to derive suitable indicators to support decision making. In this respect, we suggest in addition that MPA managers should be associated from the beginning to the design ans construction of indicators.

}, keywords = {assessment, conservation, decision making, design, ecosystem, effectiveness, fishery, fishery impact, impact, indicator, management, marine protected area, methodology, monitoring, policy, population, protected area, review, staff}, author = {D. Pelletier and J-A. Garcia-Charton and L. Benedetti-Cecchi and J. Ferraris and J. Claudet} } @article {503, title = {Procedure for the revision of the areas included in the SPAMI List - Proc{\'e}dure pour la r{\'e}vision des aires incluses dans la liste des ASPIM}, year = {2008}, edition = {RAC/SPA}, address = {Tunis}, keywords = {ASPIM, procedure, revision, SPAMI}, author = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA and PNUE-PAM-CAR/ASP} } @article {354, title = {Protection effects on fish assemblages, and comparison of two visual-census techniques in shallow artificial rocky habitats in the northern Adriatic Sea}, journal = {Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

Fish assemblages associated with shallow (4^7m deep) artificial rocky habitats (i.e. breakwaters) have been assessed between July 2002 and September 2003, at the marine protected area of Miramare and adjacent areas outside the reserve (northern Adriatic sea). Our purpose was to: (1) detect possible differences between {\textquoteright}protected vs fished{\textquoteright} breakwaters; and (2) compare two visual-census techniques for fish assessment (i.e. strip transects vs stationary points). The fish assemblages observed between protected and frshed breakwaters during all four sampling periods were statistically di?erent. More fish taxa were found at the protected than fished breakwaters, while there was no difference in total fish density. Most fish species targeted by fisheries had a greater density (e.g. Sciaena umbra, Dicentrarchus labrax, Sparus aurata, Diplodus vulgaris, Diplodus sargus and Diplodus puntazzo) and/or size (e.g. S. aurata and D. annularis) at the protected than fished breakwaters. There was a significant difference in fish assemblages due to assessment method. In general, the number of taxa was greater when assessed by strip transects than stationary points.Total fish density was almost unaffected by the method used, while total density of demersal fish (i.e. excluding schooling species) tended to be greater when evaluated by strip transects, although the difference was statistically significant only in one sampling period out of four. These results indicate that protection from fishing may have the potential to influence fish assemblages associated with breakwaters. Additionally, caution should be used when comparing fish assemblage data collected by different visual assessment techniques.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, assemblage, assessment, comparison, density, Dicentrarchus labrax, Diplodus fish, Diplodus puntazzo, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, fish, fish assemblage, fish density, fishery, habitat, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Miramare, Moronidae, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, Sciaena umbra, Sciaenidae, size, sparidae, Sparus aurata, transects, unprotected area, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {P. Guidetti and F. Boero and R. Odorico and C. Viva and L. Verginella} } @proceedings {477, title = {Sponge chemical defences in stress conditions: the case study of the last disease outbreak observed in N-W Mediterranean}, year = {2008}, address = {Marseille}, abstract = {

An increase in frequency of epizootic events and mass mortalities have been related with the warming trend of the NW Mediterranean. The present study focuses on Spongia officinalis, a commercial sponge species particularly threatened by the sea warming. The aim of this work was to acquire fundamental data about the biology of this sponge and the mechanisms of health alteration. The stress level of sponges was revealed by measuring Heat Shock Proteins (HSP) expression, a protein family involved in maintaining homeostasis. In parallel, we studied the expression of indicators of the sponge chemical defences. These indicators result from the secondary metabolism and are measured by assessing the sponge natural toxicity and then searching the expression level of certain secondary metabolites

}, keywords = {biology, climate change, disease, Europe, health, heat-shock protein, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, protein, research, secondary metabolite, sponge, Spongia officinalis, trend, warming}, author = {V. Sarrazin and T. Perez} } @article {490, title = {Upper thermal thresholds of shallow vs. deep populations of the precious Mediterranean red coral Corallium rubrum (L.): Assessing the potential effects of warming in the NW Mediterranean}, journal = {Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology}, volume = {357}, year = {2008}, abstract = {

Recent mortality outbreaks in marine ecosystems have been linked to elevated seawater temperatures associated with global climate change. Acquisition of thermotolerance data is essential, not only to determine the role of temperature in mortality outbreaks, but also to predict consequences of global warming. In the NW Mediterranean region, elevated seawater temperatures during the summer periods of 1999 and 2003 caused mass mortality of the Mediterranean red coral, Corallium rubum (L. 1758). Experiments testing the upper thermal limits of this species were carried out in aquaria using samples collected from populations from 11 to 40 m depth in the Marseilles region (NW Mediterranean, France). Samples were subjected to temperature treatments between 18 and 30 \°C with an exposure time of 5 and 25 days. Three biological response variables were used to evaluate effects of the treatments: coenenchyme necrosis, polyp activity and calcification rates (45Ca incorporation in calcareous skeleton). The results showed that exposure to 24 \°C for 24 days caused a beginning of mortality only for the deep population, and to 25 \°C for between 9 and 14 days caused mass mortality of both sample groups. The response variable results indicate that samples from the shallow population had greater thermotolerance of elevated seawater temperatures than the deep samples. The shallow samples showed greater polyp activity and higher calcification rate with a delayed necrosis response than the deep samples. These initial thermotolerance results combined with both hydrographic models and seawater temperature monitoring are the first step towards developing predictive tools for anticipating future effects of climate change in the red coral populations.

}, keywords = {calcification rate, climate, climate change, Corallium rubrum, ecosystem, France, global warming, laboratory experiment, Marseille, Marseilles, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, mortality, n{\'e}crose, north-western Mediterranean, predictive tool, red coral, temperature, thermotolerance, warming, water temperature}, author = {O. Torrents and E. Tambutt{\'e} and N. Caminiti and J. Garrabou} } @article {412, title = {Assessing climate change impacts and adaptation on marine ecosystems}, year = {2007}, note = {

Project document

}, abstract = {

The goals of this work are:- An assessment of the vulnerabilities of Lebanese marine ecosystems to the impacts of climate change mainly to sea-level rise and water temperature increasing.- An evaluation of options to adapt of these potential impacts.- Develop data and information that can be used at the national, regional and global level by decision makers or scientific community.- This is also a part of an International assessment meeting government{\textquoteright}s obligations under article 3 of the UNFCC to reduce vulnerability to climate change.- Species composition changes- Community structure changes- Assessment of the implications of accelerated sea level rise in order to anticipate the need for action. Identification of the types of problems that that Lebanon has to face- How to adapt to these incremental future changes.- Provide a base for a more global assessment of the vulnerability of coastal regions .

}, keywords = {adaptation, changement climatique, climate, climate change, eastern Mediterranean, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, impact, Lebanon, Liban, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, sea level rise, temperature, vuln{\'e}rabilit{\'e}, vulnerability}, author = {Ministry of environment Lebanon} } @article {478, title = {A benthic mucilage event in North-Western Mediterranean Sea and its possible relationships with the summer 2003 European heatwave: short term effects on littoral rocky assemblages}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, volume = {28}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

In this contribution we document an anomalous mucilage growth which occurred in June 2003 along the rocky cliffs of the Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea, NW Mediterranean Sea), and we describe its dynamics and its negative effects on many benthic taxa. The zooxanthellate scleractinian Cladocora caespitosa underwent {\textquoteright}bleaching{\textquoteright} and about 40\% of biomass of the erect algae was detached by mucilage {\textquoteright}lianas{\textquoteright} created and strengthened by bottom currents. The 2003 event differed from any other previously occurred in the northern Tyrrhenian Sea, in that the mucilage aggregates were formed by the free-living form of the Phaeophyceae Acinetospora crinita (Harvey) Kornmann, a not usually dominant species in mucilage aggregates from the north Tyrrhenian Sea. The damage suffered by the benthic organisms living in this area was curtailed by a severe storm, occurred in July, which removed the mucilage to deeper depths, preventing irreversible damages. Only slow growing, perennant organisms, such as corallinales or scleractinians, were seriously affected, but a survey carried out 1 year later, in June 2004, allowed to appreciate a complete recovery of those organisms. This anomalous mucilage event occurred in coincidence of the 2003 European heatwave, and the anomalous temperature increase of seawater has to be regarded as the major contributing event that led to the mucilage outbreak.

}, keywords = {Acinetospora crinita, anomalie thermique, biomass, bleaching, Cladocora caespitosa, climate change, dynamic, Ligurian Sea, littoral, Mediterranean sea, mucilage, north-western Mediterranean, Portofino, recovery, scleractinian, sea water temperature, temperature, Tyrrhenian Sea, warming}, author = {S. Schiaparelli and M. Castellano and P. Povero and G. Sartoni and R. Cattaneo-Vietti} } @article {274, title = {Biodiversity issues for the forthcoming tropical Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Hydrobiologia}, volume = {580}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Present-day Mediterranean marine biodiversity is undergoing rapid alteration. Because of the increased occurrence of warmwater biota, it has been said that the Mediterranean is under a process of {\textquoteright}tropicalization{\textquoteright}. This paper analyses the main patterns of the Mediterranean Sea tropicalization and considers briefly its extent and consequences. As happened during previous interglacial phases of the Quaternary, Atlantic water, entering via the Straits of Gibraltar, carries into the Mediterranean species that are prevalently of (sub)tropical affinity. On the otherside of the basin, Red Sea species penetrate through the Suez Canal, a phenomenon called lessepsian migration from the name of F. de Lesseps, the French engineer who promoted thecutting of the Canal. Also the many exotic species introduced by humans voluntarily or involuntarily are nearly always typical of warm waters. Climate change combines with Atlantic influx, lessepsian migration and the introduction of exotic species by humans to the establishment of tropical marine biota in the Mediterranean Sea. Present-day warming ultimately favours the spread of warmwater species through direct and indirect effects, and especially by changing water circulation. It is impossible at present to foresee to what extent the exuberance of warm-water species will affect the trophic web and the functioning of marine ecosystems in the Mediterranean Sea of tomorrow. While Mediterranean Sea communities are modifying their pattern of species composition, they do not seem to be acquiring a more marked tropical physiognomy: Mediterranean coastal marine ecosystems are still dominated by frondose algae (even if the species that are gaining ascendancy are of tropical origin) and not by corals as is normal in tropical seas.

}, keywords = {biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, biog{\'e}ographie, biogeography, changement climatique, climate, climate change, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, ecosystem, esp{\`e}ce d{\textquoteright}eau chaude, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, species distribution, tropicalisation, tropicalization, warm-water species, warming}, author = {Bianchi} } @article {435, title = {Climate change 2007: impacts, adaptation and vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the IPCC}, year = {2007}, keywords = {adaptation, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, impact, vuln{\'e}rabilit{\'e}, vulnerability}, author = {M.L. Parry and O.F. Canziani and J.P. Palutikof and P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson} } @article {519, title = {Climate change impacts on ecosystems: the Rhodes gyre case}, journal = { Rapport Commission internationale Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e}, volume = {38}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

The 15 years (1986-2001) hydrographic (temperature, salinity, density), hydrochemical (nutrients, dissolved oxygen) and biological (chlorophyll-a as phytoplankton biomass, primary production) data collected during Turkish and Greek cruises in the Rhodes cyclonic gyre region, northern Levantine are presented. These two data sets were combined and interpreted together and the aim was to understand the interactions between meso-scale physical dynamics and ecosystem processes, and impacts of observed climate changes.

}, keywords = {changement climatique, climate, climate change, dynamic, dynamique, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, Gr{\`e}ce, Greece, impact, interaction, Levantine bassin, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, phytoplankton, Rhodes, salinit{\'e}, salinity, temperature}, author = {A. Yilmaz and D. Ediger and E. Souvernezoglou} } @article {353, title = {Community-wide effects of marine reserves in the Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

We investigated the community-wide effects of no-take marine reserves at the regional scale in the Mediterranean Sea. Reserves (Cabo de Gata, Cabo de Palos, Cabrera , Medes, Banyuls-sur-Mer, Portofino, Cinque Terre , Scandola, Ustica Island , Torre Guaceto, Tremiti Islands, Miramare) had general positive effects of protection on fish targeted by fishing, and variable effects on non-target species. Differences in the structure of fish assemblages (in terms of abundance of species and trophic groups) were greater between geographic locations than when compared among all protected and adjacent fished areas at the regional scale. These results suggest that the assemblage-wide response to protection at the species level may be spatially idiosyncratic, as a function of local factors. However, the functional (trophic group) response of the fish assemblages to protection appears to be more general. Response of fish assemblages to protection was significantly related to reserve age (i.e. duration of protection) only when evaluated at functional level, whereas reserve size did not appear to influence fish assemblages at either species or functional level. Reserves can enhance trophic cascades and ecological shifts once the density of fish predators of sea urchins reaches a density threshold of about 15 adult sea breams (Diplodus sargus and D. vulgaris, the most important sea urchin predators) per 100 m2. These non linearities in the community-wide effect of reserves suggest that caution is needed in simplistically treating reserves and unprotected areas as 2 experimental treatments in ecological studies.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, Alboran Sea, assemblage, Balearic Islands, Cabrera, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, Cinque Terre, Corsica, density, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, echinoderm, fish, fish assemblage, France, island, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Miramare, Portofino, predation, protection, protection measure, Sardinia, scale, Scandola, sea urchin, size, Spain, sparidae, Torre Guaceto, Tremiti, trophic cascad, unprotected area, Ustica, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {P. Guidetti and E. Sala} } @article {308, title = {Comparaison des inventaires de poissons dans les aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es de M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e : influence de la surface et de l{\textquoteright}anciennet{\'e}}, journal = {Cybium}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Les inventaires r{\'e}alis{\'e}s dans 8 r{\'e}serves marines de M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e ont {\'e}t{\'e} compar{\'e}s statistiquement apr{\`e}s avoir {\'e}t{\'e} compl{\'e}t{\'e}s : Port-Cros (France), Lavezzi et Scandola (Corse, France), Monaco, M{\`e}des (Espagne), Termiti, Torre Guaceto et Porto Cesareo (Italie). Ces aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es pr{\'e}sentent des biotopes comparables, mais des dates de cr{\'e}ation (1963, Port-Cros

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, biotope, census, comparison, Corsica, diversity, fish, France, inventaire, inventory, Ionian Sea, island, Italy, Lavezzi, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, population, Port-Cros, Porto Cesareo, scale, Scandola, scuba-diving, size, Spain, species richness, surveillance, Torre Guaceto, Tremiti, western Mediterranean}, author = {F. Dufour and P. Francour and P. Guidetti} } @article {466, title = {The effect of protection on fish populations in the Ses Negres Marine Reserve (NW Mediterranean, Spain)}, journal = {Science Marine}, volume = {71}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

This work is the result of a 3-year monitoring programme for assessing the effect that the Ses Negres marine reserve has had on fish populations. Species richness (based on fish species that are considered to be reserve effect indicators), and the size structure of 4 species vulnerable to angling and spear fishing were studied by visual censuses conducted both inside and outside the marine reserve. Analysis of fish populations inside the reserve showed a reserve effect (larger sizes, higher abundance and richer fish assemblages) when compared to the non-reserve sites, especially by the end of the study period. The results highlight the importance of marine reserves for the recovery of fish populations. Future management plans are discussed for this marine reserve.

}, keywords = {assemblage, census, comparison, Coris julis, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, effectiveness, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, indicator, labridae, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, population, protection, protection effectiveness, reserve effect, serranidae, Serranus cabrilla, Ses Negres, size, Spain, sparidae, spear fishing, species richness, western Mediterranean}, author = {M. Ruis} } @article {605, title = {Effects of a mass mortality event on gorgonian reproduction}, journal = {Coral Reefs}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

The impact of a disturbance is normally measured in terms of its effects on adult mortality, whilst the less obvious impact on reproductive biology is generally ignored. Although previous studies have contributed to understanding the effects of a mass mortality of gorgonians in 1999 at NW Mediterranean Sea, none of them have considered its impact on reproduction. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of mass mortality events on the reproduction of the gorgonian Paramuricea clavata, and examine the effect of the damage 1 year (June 2000) and 2 years (June 2001) after the event. The reproductive parameters of female colonies were more affected than those of males. In female colonies that were moderately or severely damaged, the proportion of fertile polyps decreased by about 22-35\%, whilst in the worst affected males there was only a 12\% decrease. Female colonies showed a progressive decrease in gonadal biomass with increasing damage to a maximum reduction of 73-75\% of oocyte production observed in colonies with \>33\% injury. In contrast, in males, the gonadal biomass decreased rapidly for colonies with 5\% of injured surface, with a reduction in spermary production of 49-64\%. The same pattern of decrease in gonadal output compared to the extent of the injury was observed in 2001, two years after the mass mortality event. This indicated that the observed pattern was a response to the extent of the injury rather than a direct effect of the event. These severe effects on the reproduction of the red gorgonian species have implications for the recovery of affected populations in the long-term. This study demonstrated that an evaluation of the impact over different demographic parameters is needed to understand all the consequences of these disturbances.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, biology, climate change, f{\'e}condit{\'e}, fecundity, France, gorgonaire, gorgonian, gu{\'e}rison, Ile de Port-Cros, impact, injury, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, Paramuricea clavata, physiologie, Port-Cros Island, Provence, recovery, reproduction, western Mediterranean}, author = {C. Linares and R. Coma and M. Zabala} } @mastersthesis {337, title = {Effets d{\textquoteright}une hyperthermie induite sur deux gorgones de M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e : Eunicella singularis et Eunicella cavolinii. Cons{\'e}quences de la symbiose dans la r{\'e}sistance au stress thermique}, year = {2007}, school = {Universite Aix-Marseille II, Centre d{\textquoteright}oc{\'e}anologie de Marseille}, abstract = {

Les cnidaires symbiotiques sont des invert\ébr\és marins vivant en endosymbiose avec des algues unicellulaires (les zooxanthelles). Le changement climatique global a un tr\ès fort impact sur le maintien d{\textquoteright}un grand nombre de ces symbioses marines en milieu tropical, mais aussi en zone temp\ér\ée. Ainsi, lors des canicules des \ét\és 1999 et 2003, des mortalit\és massives ont localement affect\é la gorgone symbiotique m\éditerran\éenne, Eunicella singularis. Cependant, d{\textquoteright}autres gorgones non symbiotiques, telle qu{\textquoteright}Eunicella cavolinii, ont, elles aussi, souffert lors de ces hyperthermies. Ce travail a pour objet d{\textquoteright}\étudier les effets pr\écoces d{\textquoteright}une hyperthermie br\ève etintense sur ces deux esp\èces d{\textquoteright}Eunicella. Diff\érents biomarqueurs ont \ét\é analys\és : des marqueurs biologiques et de stress oxydant (biomarqueurs de dommages cellulaires et de d\éfenses) et des prot\éines de stress (Heat Shock Protein -HSP- et ubiquitine). La comparaison des r\éponses doit permettre de comprendre si la pr\ésence des zooxanthelles apporte une plus grande r\ésistance ou sensibilit\é lors du stress.L{\textquoteright}hyperthermie br\ève et intense provoque une n\écrose des tissues plus rapide chez cavolinii que chez singularis, qui n{\textquoteright}a pas pr\ésent\é de rupture de symbiose. Bien que le niveau basal de d\éfense anti-oxydante soit plus \élev\é chez cavolinii, elle pr\ésente, lors du stress, une induction de l{\textquoteright}ubiquitination des prot\éines. Singularis pr\ésente, quant

}, keywords = {biomarqueur, changement climatique, climate, climate change, cnidaire, cnidarian, coral, Eunicella cavolinii, Eunicella singularis, gorgonaire, gorgonian, heat-shock protein, impact, invertebrate, invert{\'e}br{\'e}, m{\'e}canisme de d{\'e}fense, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e}, n{\'e}crose, protein, zooxanthellae, zooxanthelle}, author = {M. Gemini} } @article {313, title = {Europe{\textquoteright}s environment - The fourth assessment118}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

More than 16 years have passed since the first meeting of Europe{\textquoteright}s environment ministers at Dobris Castle in June 1991. Since then Europe has changed enormously, as has its environment. In this, the fouth assessment report, we underline the changes that have occurred in the environment and socio-economic context to help explain many of the environmental trends that have been observed. We identify successes and improvements but also register old legacies that need further effort such as, in particular, air pollution, water issues and contaminated sites. New threats, which challenge piecemeal solutions and call for integrated strategic measures at European and global levels, are described such as persistent chemicals in the environment, biodiversity loss, sustainable production and consumption and climate change. And a new overview is given of the state of European marine areas and inland seas.The current assessment makes a number of things clear - first, the type of challenges that we face, and second, the barriers to progress.

}, keywords = {biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, environment, environnement, Europe, pollution, threat, trend}, url = {http://www.eea.europa.eu/}, author = {European Environment Agency} } @article {428, title = {Global change and marine communities: Alien species and climate change}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {55}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Anthropogenic influences on the biosphere since the advent of the industrial age are increasingly causing global changes. Climatic change and the rising concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere are ranking high in scientific and public agendas, and other components of global change are also frequently addressed, among which are the introductions of non indigenous species (NIS) in biogeographic regions well separated from the donor region, often followed by spectacular invasions. In the marine environment, both climatic change and spread of alien species have been studied extensively; this review is aimed at examining the main responses of ecosystems to climatic change, taking into account the increasing importance of biological invasions.Some general principles on NIS introductions in the marine environment are recalled, such as the importance of propagule pressure and of development stages during the time course of an invasion. Climatic change is known to affect many ecological properties; it interacts also with NIS in many possible ways. Direct (proximate) effects on individuals and populations of altered physical-chemical conditions are distinguished from indirect effects on emergent properties (species distribution, diversity, and production). Climatically driven changes may affect both local dispersal mechanisms, due to the alteration of current patterns, and competitive interactions between NIS and native species, due to the onset of new thermal optima and/or different carbonate chemistry.As well as latitudinal range expansions of species correlated with changing temperature conditions, and effects on species richness and the correlated extinction of native species, some invasions may provoke multiple effects which involve overall ecosystem functioning (material flow between trophic groups, primary production, relative extent of organic material decomposition, extent of benthic-pelagic coupling). Some examples are given, including a special mention of the situation of the Mediterranean Sea, where so many species have been introduced recently, and where some have spread in very large quantities.An increasing effort by marine scientists is required, not only to monitor the state of the environment, but also to help predicting future changes and finding ways to mitigate or manage them.

}, keywords = {alien species, biological invasion, changement climatique, changement global, climate, climate change, distribution, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, diversity, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, environment, esp{\`e}ce invasive, global change, impact, interaction, invasion biologique, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, richness, species distribution, temperature}, author = {A. Occhinpinti-Ambrogi} } @article {427, title = {Guidelines for the establishment and management of Marine Protected Areas for cetaceans - Lignes directrices relatives}, year = {2007}, edition = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA; PNUE-PAM-CAR/ASP}, address = {Tunis}, abstract = {

Un important d\ébat a couvert la question de savoir si les AMP constituaient un outil appropri\é pour la conservation des c\étac\és. Avant de cr\éer des aires prot\ég\ées pour les c\étac\és, il convient d{\textquoteright}\étudier avec soin si celles-ci pourront atteindre les objectifs pr\évus. Le principal argument contre l{\textquoteright}utilisation d{\textquoteright}aires prot\ég\ées pour les c\étac\és est qu{\textquoteright}il est difficile de couvrir en une seule zone la distribution d{\textquoteright}une esp\èce extr\êmement mobile tout au long de l{\textquoteright}ann\ée.Ces lignes directrices se composent essentiellement de deux parties, qui correspondent aux deux phases du processus : (a) la s\élection et la cr\éation d{\textquoteright}AMP et (b) la gestion des AMP. La cr\éation d{\textquoteright}une AMP est un processus complexe qui implique normalement, en s\équence : (a) la d\éfinition des objectifs de l{\textquoteright}AMP potentielle, fond\ée sur les connaissances existantes de la pr\ésence de c\étac\és dans la zone et de l{\textquoteright}existence de menaces

}, keywords = {AMP, c{\'e}tac{\'e}, cetacean, conservation, distribution, gestion, habitat, l{\'e}gislation, littoral, management, marine protected area, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, menace, protected area, recherche, r{\'e}seau, revision, serum}, author = {G. Notabartolo di Sciara} } @article {432, title = {The impact of commercial and recreational harvesting for Paracentrotus lividus on shallow rocky reef sea urchin communities in North-western Sardinia, Italy}, journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science}, volume = {73}, year = {2007}, keywords = {Arbacia lixula, benefit, biomass, comparison, density, echinoderm, fishery, habitat, harvest, impact, Isola Piana, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Paracentrotus lividus, population, protected area, recreationnal fishery, reefs, regulation, rocky shore, Sardinia, scale, sea urchin, size, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. Pais and Y. Donno and G. Meloni and A. Ruiu and S. Serra and L-A. Chessa} } @article {252, title = {Impacts of climate change on the European marine and coastal environment - Ecosystems approach (Final Draft)}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

While on-going national and international actions to curtail and reduce greenhouse gas emissions are essential, the levels of greenhouse gases currently in the atmosphere, and their impact, are likely to persist for several decades. On-going and increased efforts to mitigate climate change through reduction in greenhouse gases are therefore crucial. In parallel, a better understanding of potential climate change impacts (scenarios) at both regional and local levels, the development of improved methods to quantify the uncertainty of climate change projections, the construction of usable climate change indicators, and an improvement of the interface between science and policy formulation in terms of risk assessment will be essential to formulate and inform better adaptive strategies to address the inevitable consequences of climate change.

}, keywords = {adaptation strategy, analyse de sc{\'e}nario, changement climatique, climate, climate change, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, environment, Europe, impact, mod{\'e}lisation, modelling, policy, scenario analysis, strat{\'e}gie d{\textquoteright}adaptation}, url = {http://www.esf.org/research-areas/marine-sciences.html}, author = {Anadon and Danovaro and Dippner and Drinkwater and Hawkins and O{\textquoteright}Sullinvan and Oguz and Reid} } @article {386, title = {Impacts of climate change on the fresh water fluxes to the Mediterranean Sea: case study of a coastal rivers in Languedoc-Roussillon area (South-East of France)}, journal = {Rapport Commission internationale Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e}, volume = {38}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Languedoc-Roussillon area experimented a high temperature increase during the spring and summer seasons for the period 1965-2004, but no clear evolution for the precipitation. Increase of the associated water loss by evaporation explains partly the general decrease of discharge in the rivers limited to this area and therefore their contribution less important to the fresh water fluxes to the Mediterranean Sea.

}, keywords = {changement climatique, climate, climate change, flux d{\textquoteright}eau douce, France, fresh water flux, impact, Languedoc-Roussillon, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, temperature}, author = {F. Lespinas and W. Ludwig and S. Heussner} } @proceedings {356, title = {Importance of marine reserves for the population dynamics of groupers (Epinephelinae) in the Western Mediterranean}, journal = {2nd Symposium on Mediterranean Groupers}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Francour,P.; Gratiot,J.}, address = {Nice}, abstract = {

In order to assess the importance of marine reserves on the population structure of groupers in the Western Mediterranean, abundance and size of Epinephelinae were recorded by visual censuses in six marine protected areas (MPAs): Carry-le- Rouet and Banyuls in France, Medes, Cabo de Palos, Cabrera and Tabarca in Spain.Four species of Epinephelinae were recorded, Epinephelus caninus (Valenciennes, 1843), E.costae (Steindachner, 1878), E. marginatus (Lowe, 1834) and Mycteroperca rubra (Bloch, 1793). The dusky grouper E. marginatus was by far the most abundant species. Significant negative gradients of abundance and biomass of groupers were observed in Cabo de Palos, Cabrera and Tabarca. Species richness and abundance of groupers were higher in the 3 southern MPAs.Eventually, a significant positive relationship was evidenced in all MPAs between grouper abundance and the abundance of other fishes. Therefore, grouper abundance could be viewed as an indicator which testified to the "good health" and stability of fish community, as advocated by Goeden (1982).

}, keywords = {biomass, buffer zone, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Cabrera, dusky, Epinephelus caninus, Epinephelus costae, Epinephelus marginatus, fish, fish abundance, France, indicator, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Mycteroperca rubra, no-take area, population, protected area, protection effectiveness, serranidae, size, Spain, species richness, Tabarca, transects, visual census, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {J. Bayle-Sempere and D. Ody and M. Harmelin-Vivien and J-A. Garcia-Charton and E. Charbonnel and L. Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and C. Valle and P. Sanchez-Jerez and O. Renones} } @article {522, title = {La chasse sous-marine dans de Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus: aspects biologiques et socio{\'e}conomiques}, year = {2007}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN; Cape Creus Natural Park}, abstract = {

La chasse sous-marine est la deuxi\ème m\éthode de p\êche de loisir plus pratiqu\é dans le Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus (M\éditerran\ée NO; Catalogne, Espagne). Cette \étude sur la chasse sousmarine au Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus a permis de recueillir de l{\textquoteright}information sur cette activit\é en 2007, pour \évaluer son impact biologique et leurs caract\éristiques socio\économiques. Les chasseurs sous-marins p\êchent par toute la c\ôte du Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus, m\ême dans les r\éserves naturelles (o\ù la chasse sous-marine est interdite). Tous les chasseurs sont des homme avec un \âge moyenne de 36 ans Les p\êcheurs ont d\épens\é en moyenne (par an et p\êcheur; approximativement) 800 en biens et services directement li\és

}, keywords = {Cape Creus, CPUE, Diplodus sargus, fish, fishery, fishery impact, gestion, impact, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mullidae, Mullus surmuletus, population, socioeconomic aspects, Spain, sparidae, spear fishing, western Mediterranean}, author = {N. Zaragoza and J. Lloret and D. Caballero} } @article {422, title = {Links between sex change and fish densities in marine protected areas}, journal = { Biological Conservation}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Sex change is widespread among marine fishes, including many species that are fished heavily, and is thought to be of conservation concern under some circumstances. As such, an important question in conservation is whether the implementation of marine protected areas (MPAs), which is a commonly used marine conservation tool, works as effectively for sex-changers as for non-sex-changers. To address this issue, we used meta-analyses of the ratio of fish abundances inside vs. outside MPAs to determine whether sex change affects the extent to which fish densities respond to protection. When all data were considered, there were similar responses to protection irrespective of reproductive mode. However, when analyses were restricted to older reserves (at least 10 years{\textquoteright} protection), female-first sex-changers consistently benefited from protection.Non-sex-changers and male-first sex-changers showed more variable responses to protection and, as a result, there were no significant differences between fish with different reproductive modes in their overall response to protection. The same results were observed when the effects of fisheries status (targeted vs. not targeted) were controlled.Our results support the use of MPAs as important components of conservation and demonstrate that old reserves are most consistently beneficial to female-first sex-changing species. Finally, our results highlight the fact that some effects of protection are only detectable after several generations.

}, keywords = {Atlantic, conservation, density, fish, fish abundance, fish density, fishery, Indian ocean, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Pacific, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, protection measure, review, size}, author = {P-P. Molloy and I-M. C{\^o}t{\'e} and I. Mosqueira and M-J-G. Gage and J-D. Renoyls} } @article {287, title = {Livre vert - Adaptation au changement climatique en Europe : les possibilit{\'e}s de l{\textquoteright}Union Europ{\'e}enne23}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Mise en place de la politique d{\textquoteright}adaptation aux changements climatiques dans l{\textquoteright}Union Europ\éenne

}, keywords = {adaptation, changement climatique, climate change, Europe}, attachments = {http://rac-spa.org/sites/default/files/LIVRE VERT CC,PE, CESE, CR.pdf}, author = {CCE} } @article {326, title = {Loss or gain? Invasive aliens and biodiversity in the Mediterranean Sea}, journal = { Marine Pollution Bulletin}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

More than 500 alien species were listed from the Mediterranean Sea. Though no extinction of a native species is known, sudden decline in abundance, and even local extirpations, concurrent with proliferation of aliens, had been recorded. Examination of the profound ecological impacts of some of the most conspicuous invasive alien species underscores their role, among multiple anthropogenic stressors, in altering the infralittoral communities. Local population losses and niche contraction of native species may not induce immediate extirpation, but they augur reduction of genetic diversity, loss of functions, processes, and habitat structure, increase the risk ofdecline and extinction, and lead to biotic homogenization. The relevant environmental policy and management framework is discussed.

}, keywords = {abundance, alga, alien, Aphanius, biodiversity, bivalve, Brachidontes, Caulerpa, Cellana, climate, crustacea, diversity, fish, genetic, habitat, impact, infralittoral, management, Marsupenaeus, Mediterranean, Metapenaeus, mollusc, Penaeus, policy, prawn, risk, Saurida, Siganus, Upeneus}, author = {B. Galil} } @article {433, title = {Management tool / Management guide for marine protected areas : Migliorare l{\textquoteright}accessibilit}, year = {2007}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, abstract = {

Le Cinque Terre sono famose in tutto il mondo per l{\textquoteright}acclivit

}, keywords = {accessibility, AMP, Cinque Terre, handicap, Italy, Ligurian Sea, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, protected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {Parco Nazionale Cinque Terre} } @article {481, title = {Mediterranean countries{\textquoteright} needs for legal, policy and institutional reforms to strengthen the management of existing Marine Protected Areas}, year = {2007}, edition = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA}, address = {Tunis}, abstract = {

Pursuant to \"Facilitation of policy and legislative reforms for SAP MED and SAP BIO\", MAP requested to RAC/SPA to identify Mediterranean countries{\textquoteright} needs in legal, policy and institutional reforms to strengthen the management of existing marine protected areas. The result is the present study identifying and prioritising the main needs of Mediterranean countries for legal, policy and institutional reforms to strengthen the management of existing marine protected areas. It is focused on the twelve Mediterranean countries covered by the GEF project: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Montenegro, Morocco, Syria, Tunisia and Turkey. It further presents for reference basic related information from several EU countries within the region: France, Greece, Italy and Spain.The work was strongly benefited from the active participation of National Focal Points. They responded to specific requests for information on legal and institutional frameworks, although some key documents were eithe unavailable or not available in translation. The study made also available technical advise for improvements on those aspects in the region, including also specific proposals for the GEF beneficiary countries, not included in this document, and to be directly delivered to each concerned Party. This study was transmitted as information document to the SPA Focal Points at their Eighth Meeting held at Palermo, Italy from 6-9 June 2007.

}, keywords = {Barcelona convention, convention, France, GEF, Greece, institutonal reform, Italy, legislative, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, policy, protected area, Spain}, author = {C. Shine and T. Scovazzi} } @article {426, title = {National and European perspectives on climate change sensitivity of the habitats directive characteristic plant species}, journal = { Journal for Nature Conservation}, volume = {15}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

The main goal of the Habitats Directive, a key document for European conservation, is to maintain a {\textquoteright}favourable{\textquoteright} conservation status of selected species and habitats. In the face of near-future climatic change this goal may become difficult to achieve. Here, we evaluate the sensitivity to climate change of 84 plant species that characterise the Danish habitat types included in the Habitats Directive. A fuzzy bioclimatic envelope model, linking European and Northwest African species{\textquoteright} distribution data with climate, was used to predict climatically suitable areas forthese species in year 2100 under two-climate change scenarios. Climate sensitivity was evaluated at both Danish and European scales to provide an explicit European perspective on the impacts predicted for Denmark. In all 69-99\% of the species were predicted to become negatively affected by climate change at either scale. Application of international Red List criteria showed that 43-55\% and 17-69\% would become vulnerable in Denmark and Europe, respectively. Northwest African atlas data were used to improve the ecological accuracy of the future predictions. For comparison, using only European data added 0-7\% to these numbers. No species were predicted to become extinct in Europe, but 4-7\% could be lost from Denmark. Some species were predicted to become positively affected in Denmark, but negatively affected in Europe. In addition to nationally endangered species, this group would be an important focus for a Danish conservation strategy. A geographically differentiated Danish conservation strategy is suggested as the eastern part of Denmark was predicted to be more negatively affected than the western part. No differences in the sensitivity of the Habitats Directive habitats were found. We conclude that the conservation strategy of the Habitats Directive needs to integrate the expected shifts in species{\textquoteright} distributions due to climate change.

}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, changement climatique, climate, climate change, conservation, directive, Directive Habitats, distribution, Europe, habitat, Habitats Directive, impact, modelling, perspective, plant, status, vegetation}, author = {S. Normand and F. Skov and J.C. Svenning} } @proceedings {496, title = {Need of specific measures to protect the dusky grouper Epinephelus marginatus (Lowe, 1834) in the Italian coastal water - a pilot study in the Portofino MPA (Ligurian Sea)}, journal = {2nd Symposium on Mediterranean Groupers}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Francour,P.; Gratiot,J.}, address = {Nice}, abstract = {

The dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) is one of the most important flagship species of the Mediterranean rocky coastal habitats. The area of the Portofino Promontory was appreciated from the {\textquoteright}50ties, at the beginning of the scuba diving activities, for the abundance of this species. Visual Census data was collected applying the transect technique. On the whole, 288 VCs within the MPA{\textquoteright}s waters allowed to record 92 specimens of dusky grouper while only two were censed during the 96 VCs done out of the MPA boundaries. Recorded data shows the positive effect of the MPA for the dusky grouper, clear 2002 (only three years after the Portofino MPA{\textquoteright}s institution). No relevant differences in abundances were registered respect the level of protection within the MPA{\textquoteright}s waters.This study stresses the relevance of a specific action plan to protect dusky grouper at Italian and Mediterranean levels, asking for the identification of specific management tools based on the experience of the French moratorium.

}, keywords = {action plan, boundary, census, coastal water, dusky, Epinephelus marginatus, habitat, Italy, Ligurian Sea, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Portofino, protected area, protection, reserve effect, scuba-diving, serranidae, transects, visual census, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {L. Tunesi and A. Molinari} } @article {402, title = {Observing the Mediterranean Sea from space: 21 years of Pathfinder-AVHRR sea surface temperatures (1985 to 2005): re-analysis and validation}, journal = {Ocean Sci}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

The time series of satellite infrared AVHRR data from 1985 to 2005 has been used to produce a daily series of optimally interpolated SST maps over the regular grid of the operational MFSTEP OGCM model of the Mediterranean basin. A complete validation of this OISST (Optimally Interpolated Sea Surface Temperature) product with in situ measurements has been performed in order to exclude any possibility of spurious trends due to instrumental calibration errors/shifts or algorithms malfunctioning related to local geophysical factors. The validation showed that satellite OISST is able to reproduce in situ measurements with a mean bias of less than 0.1K and RMSE of about 0.5K and that errors do not drift with time or with the percent interpolation error.

}, keywords = {climate change, Mediterranean sea, satellite data, sea surface, temperature, trend}, author = {S. Marullo and B. Buongiorno Nardelli and M. Guarracino and R. Santoleri} } @article {271, title = {Outil de Gestion / Guide d{\textquoteright}aide}, year = {2007}, institution = {WWF-MedPAN; Port Cros National Park}, edition = {WWF-France}, abstract = {

{\guillemotleft}Conna{\^\i}tre pour mieux g{\'e}rer{\guillemotright}. La formule n{\textquoteright}est pas nouvelle mais pourtant toujours pertinente et d{\textquoteright}actualit{\'e}. Le rapport pr{\'e}sent{\'e} ici a pour ambition de d{\'e}finir les grandes lignes d{\textquoteright}un observatoire de la fr{\'e}quentation pour l{\textquoteright}ensemble des aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e. L{\textquoteright}objectif est clair : il s{\textquoteright}agit de se doter d{\textquoteright}outils d{\textquoteright}analyse, permettant de comprendre et de comparer diff{\'e}rentes situations d{\textquoteright}aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es, d{\textquoteright}anticiper certaines {\'e}volutions et d{\textquoteright}organiser la prise de d{\'e}cision, dans une perspective d{\textquoteright}un d{\'e}veloppement touristique durable.L{\textquoteright}objectif est ambitieux. Un tel projet, impliquant de nombreux partenaires dans plusieurs pays, concernant pr{\`e}s d{\textquoteright}une centaine de sites tr{\`e}s diff{\'e}rents les uns des autres, tant sur le plan de la g{\'e}ographie, du type de protection, du d{\'e}veloppement {\'e}conomique et des hommes qui y vivent, impose d{\textquoteright}une part une certaine humilit{\'e} et modestie de la part des auteurs, et d{\textquoteright}autre part g{\'e}n{\`e}re des limites.L{\textquoteright}objectif ne pourra {\^e}tre v{\'e}ritablement atteint qu{\textquoteright}en mettant en perspective les exp{\'e}riences de chacun et en construisant avec les diff{\'e}rents partenaires un cadre commun de r{\'e}fl exion et d{\textquoteright}{\'e}changes. Le travail pr{\'e}sent{\'e} ici, r{\'e}alis{\'e}

}, keywords = {decision making, economy, gestion, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, methodology, partnership, Port-Cros, protected area, protection, sustainable tourism, visitation}, author = {Brigand and LeBerre} } @article {302, title = {Outil de Gestion / Guide d{\textquoteright}aide}, year = {2007}, edition = {WWF-France}, abstract = {

M{\^e}me si la pratique de la plong{\'e}e est

}, keywords = {aire marine prot{\'e}g{\'e}e, charte, gestion, impact, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, monitoring, scuba-diving, sensibilisation}, author = {N. Dalias and C. Bardelletti and P. Licari} } @article {306, title = {Planning of Marine Protected areas : useful elements to identify the most relevant scuba-diving sites}, journal = {Rapp.Comm.int.Mer M{\'e}dit.}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Recreational scuba diving is a relevant activity for the success of marine protected areas (MPAs). The case-study of the proposed MPA of Rdum Majjiesa and Ras ir-Raheb (NW Malta) illustrates the key-elements that should be considered in the definition of the scuba-diving attractive sites map, which is an important component for the planning of coastal MPAs.

}, keywords = {eastern Mediterranean, Malta, management, mapping, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, planning, protected area, Rdum Majjiesa and Ras ir-Raheb, scuba-diving}, author = {T. Di Nora and L. Tunesi and G., Mo and S. Agnesi} } @article {500, title = {Potential impact of sea level rise: Nile Delta}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Cartes prospectives du Delta du Nil pour une hausse du niveau de la mer de 0,5 m et 1 m.

}, keywords = {climate change, Delta du Nil, eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, Egypte, hausse du niveau de la mer, impact, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Nile Delta, sea level rise}, author = {UNEP} } @article {447, title = {Prot{\'e}ger et valoriser le littoral m{\'e}diterran{\'e}en, bien commun menac{\'e}}, year = {2007}, note = {

Les menaces dues au changement climatique sont \évoqu\ées dans un paragraphe

}, edition = {Plan Bleu}, address = {Sophia Antipolis}, abstract = {

Fronti\ère maritime de 22 pays ou territoires riverains appartenant

}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate change, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, environnement, impact, littoral, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, menace, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e}, url = {www.planbleu.org/}, author = {Plan Bleu} } @article {390, title = {Restoration of threatened red gorgonian populations: An experimental and modelling approach}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

The increasing disturbances affecting marine communities highlight the need to examine restoration measures that can be added to other conservation efforts for threatened populations. The main goal of this study was to examine the usefulness of ecological restoration in the management of gorgonian populations damaged by diving activity in intensively visited marine protected areas (MPAs). We used field experiments as well as simulations from size-structured matrices to assess the utility of transplantation of living fragments from damaged colonies to increase the viability of threatened populations. Despite results showing that technique failure caused the loss of 40\% of transplants, well-attached transplants achieved survival rates (80\%) similar to those of natural colonies. Surprisingly, environmental conditions (light level and presence of algae) did not have a significant effect on the mortality of the transplants, but did affect methodological failure rates (37\% of transplants were lost in the photophilous treatments in contrast to the 25\% lost in sciaphilous treatment). The simulations showed a substantial increase in the annual population growth rate (k) only when transplantation was performed every two years and under the most demanding conditions (recovering 75\% of the detached colonies and obtaining 3 fragments from each one). Predictions from the size-structured matrix model suggest severe limitations of this technique at larger spatial scales. However, our study confirms the feasibility of this restoration measure to contribute to the recovery of populations in MPAs affected by local disturbances. The experimental and modelling approaches developed here may provide useful guidelines for future studies on the restoration of marine populations.

}, keywords = {algae, conservation, corraligenous, gorgonian, guidelines, impact, management, management tool, marine protected area, matrix model, Medes, Mediterranean sea, methodology, mortality, octocoral, Paramuricea clavata, population, protected area, restoration, scale, scuba-diving, Spain, transplantation, western Mediterranean}, author = {C. Linares and M. Zabala and R. Coma} } @article {463, title = {S{\'e}rie du mar{\'e}graphe de Marseille : mesures de temp{\'e}ratures de surface de la mer de 1885}, journal = {Comptes Rendus G{\'e}oscience}, volume = {339}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

De 1885

}, keywords = {changement climatique, climate change, eau, France, long-term monitoring, Marseille, Marseilles, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, north-western Mediterranean, Provence, r{\'e}chauffement, sea water temperature, s{\'e}rie temporelle, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, tendance, time serie, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {J.C. Romano and M.C. Lugrezi} } @article {606, title = {Size distribution, density and disturbance in two Mediterranean gorgonians: Paramuricea clavata and Eunicella singularis}, journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

1. Gorgonians are long-lived engineering species and their conservation is crucial to maintaining the biodiversity of marine communities. The slow dynamics displayed by these species make them especially vulnerable when faced with increasing disturbances.2. The sessile nature and structural role of gorgonians provide several ecological similarities with trees, allowing the application of different approaches developed by forest ecology studies toovercome the constraint of long time-scales to collect valuable dynamic data. Using these approaches, we examined the distribution and demography of two representative Mediterraneangorgonian species, Paramuricea clavata and Eunicella singularis, along a regional spatial scale as well as their response to disturbances.3. The regular spatial distribution and the upper distribution limit of E. singularis suggest that this species is more tolerant to a wide range of environmental conditions than P. clavata , which exhibited a more asymmetrical spatial distribution and variation in the upper distribution limit on the latitudinal scale.4. Size distributions of both species showed contrasting population dynamics. The size distribution of E. singularis was characterized by initial stages of populations (0-10 cm) in contrast to the scarcity of this stage displayed by P. clavata. This suggests differences in recruitment between species. Furthermore, only P. clavata populations displayed a strong negative correlation between density and biomass with a slope close to -3/2, indicating a self-thinning mechanism and therefore the existence of a carrying capacity. This result and the trajectories of disturbed populations below the self-thinning line revealed this approach as a useful method to identify the effects of biological or physical disturbance.5. Synthesis and applications. The approaches used in this study provide insights into management needs in face of the difficulty of having to deal with the population dynamics of very slow-growing threatened species. In particular, gorgonian populations can be used as an indicator of the effects of climatic anomalies on the coralligenous community.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, conservation, corallig{\`e}ne, coralligenous community, distribution, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, dynamic, dynamique, dynamique des populations, Espagne, Eunicella singularis, forest, gorgonaire, gorgonian, management, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, north-western Mediterranean, Paramuricea clavata, population dynamic, Spain, species distribution, western Mediterranean}, author = {C. Linares and R. Coma and J. Garrabou and D. Diaz and M. Zabala} } @article {388, title = {Size distribution, density and disturbance in two Mediterranean gorgonians: Paramuricea clavata and Eunicella singularis}, journal = { Journal of Applied Ecology}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

1. Gorgonians are long-lived engineering species and their conservation is crucial to maintaining the biodiversity of marine communities. The slow dynamics displayed by these species make them especially vulnerable when faced with increasing disturbances.2. The sessile nature and structural role of gorgonians provide several ecological similarities with trees, allowing the application of different approaches developed by forest ecology studies toovercome the constraint of long time-scales to collect valuable dynamic data. Using these approaches, we examined the distribution and demography of two representative Mediterraneangorgonian species, Paramuricea clavata and Eunicella singularis, along a regional spatial scale as well as their response to disturbances.3. The regular spatial distribution and the upper distribution limit of E. singularis suggest that this species is more tolerant to a wide range of environmental conditions than P. clavata , which exhibited a more asymmetrical spatial distribution and variation in the upper distribution limit on the latitudinal scale.4. Size distributions of both species showed contrasting population dynamics. The size distribution of E. singularis was characterized by initial stages of populations (0-10 cm) in contrast to the scarcity of this stage displayed by P. clavata. This suggests differences in recruitment between species. Furthermore, only P. clavata populations displayed a strong negative correlation between density and biomass with a slope close to -3/2, indicating a self-thinning mechanism and therefore the existence of a carrying capacity. This result and the trajectories of disturbed populations below the self-thinning line revealed this approach as a useful method to identify the effects of biological or physical disturbance.5. Synthesis and applications. The approaches used in this study provide insights into management needs in face of the difficulty of having to deal with the population dynamics of very slow-growing threatened species. In particular, gorgonian populations can be used as an indicator of the effects of climatic anomalies on the coralligenous community.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, conservation, corallig{\`e}ne, coralligenous community, distribution, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, dynamic, dynamique, dynamique des populations, Espagne, Eunicella singularis, forest, gorgonaire, gorgonian, management, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, north-western Mediterranean, Paramuricea clavata, population dynamic, Spain, species distribution, western Mediterranean}, author = {C. Linares and R. Coma and J. Garrabou and D. Diaz and M. Zabala} } @article {485, title = {Spatial assessment of benefits of a coastal Mediterranean Marine Protected Area}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, volume = {136}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Marine reserves are increasingly advocated not only as conservation but also as fisheries management tools to safeguard the decline of coastal fishing resources. Still, conclusive evidence of their functioning is lacking, amongst others due to the influence of spatio-temporal variations in fish populations and habitat heterogeneity which could hamper a sound data interpretation. We conducted a spatial analysis of the benefits of the Medes Island Marine Reserve by combining geostatistical and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools. Concurrently, we analysed effects of trends reflecting habitat heterogeneity and spatial structuring of data on spatial predictions of fish catch per unit effort (CPUE) and length. Predicted spatial patterns showed the complexity and simultaneous action of trend factors leading to mostly non-linear gradients in CPUE and length data. CPUE of total fish and CPUE and length of common pandora (Pagellus erythrinus) increased close to the Integral Reserve due to direct and indirect reserve effects. CPUE and length of striped red mullet (Mullus surmuletus) slightly increased also near the Integral Reserve, but distinct reserve effects could not be identified due to the strong influence of artificial reefs. We conclude that the spatial dimension of the Buffer Zone, where artisanal fisheries are allowed, permits in general protection only for target species, favouring a habitat with no discontinuities from the reserve outwards. Our spatial approach to assess reserve benefits provides major insights into complex systems like coastal marine reserves in the northwestern Mediterranean. In addition, it contributes to a crucial aspect of marine conservation, viz. the decision on the spatial dimension of protected areas.

}, keywords = {artificial reef, artisanal fishery, assessment, benefit, buffer zone, common pandora, conservation, CPUE, fish, fishery, GIS, habitat, heterogeneity, integral reserve, island, management, management tool, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, mullidae, Mullus surmuletus, no-take area, Pagellus erythrinus, population, protected area, protection, reefs, reserve effect, trend, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {V. Stelzenmuller and P. Martin and F. Maynou} } @article {424, title = {Spatial use and divers behaviour in the Medes Island / Utilisation de l{\textquoteright}espace et comportement des plogeurs aux {\^\i}les Medes}, year = {2007}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, abstract = {

In Medes islands MPA, the law passed by catalan Parliement and the current regulations have limited the practice of scuba diving since 1990, so as to avoid overuse and the likely detertioration of the valuable marine habitat of this area. As such, the regulation allows 450 divers per day, all yeat around, and the possibility of diving in the MPA from 10 differents spots.The aim of this study is to present information in the use of space that divers who dive in the Medes Islands seabed make.3 categories have been established : guided dives, directed dives annd exploration dives with 4 type od seabed where the dive is carried out : seabed, wall, depth, cave.Each spot is described by :- Time spent underwater each of type attained depths --\> 51 mintues, 26.7 metres average depth- Dive itinerary on a horizontal level, total distance covered, and maximum separation distance from the strating diving buoy--\>121 m from mooring buoy ans 485 m covered- Permanence dive time depending on the distance to starting buoy --\> 8 hectare- Total spent in each communinity --\> 37\% in caves- Risk factor depending on the time spent in each community- Georeferencing of the presence of indicative species ans pelicular landscape elements.L{\textquoteright}aire Prot\ég\ée des Iels Medes poss\ède un plan d{\textquoteright}usage et une r\églementation en vigeur qui r\ègle la pratique de laplong\ée depuis 1990, dans le double objectif d{\textquoteright}\éviter une surexploitation de l{\textquoteright}activit\é et la deterioriation potentielle du riche environnement sous marin de cette zone. La reglementation permet la pr\ésence de 450 plongeurs apr jour pendant tote l{\textquoteright}ann\ée, et la possibilit\é de r\éaliser des plong\ées dans l{\textquoteright}AMP depuis 10 points diff\érents.L{\textquoteright}objectif de cette \étude est d{\textquoteright}apporter des informations sur l{\textquoteright}utilisation de l{\textquoteright}espace faire par les plongeurs qui visitent les fonds des Iles Medes. 3 cat\égories de plong\ées ont \ét\é \établis :Plong\ées guid\ées; plong\ées dirig\ées et plong\ées d{\textquoteright}exploration, selon 4 genres sous-marins : fonds horozontal, parois verticales, de profondeur, dans les grottes.Chaque point d{\textquoteright}\étude est d\écrit comme suit:- Temps de permanence dans chacune des profondeurs atteintes --\> 51 minutes en moyenne- parcours de la plong\ée dans le plan horizontal, distance totale parcourue et distance maximale de s\éparation de la bou\ée de d\ébut de plong\ée --\> 121 m depuis la bou\ée, 485 m de parcours total, - temps de permanence en fonction de la distance

}, keywords = {category, depth, habitat, human impact, impact, island, landscape, law, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, mooring, regulation, scuba-diving, Spain, western Mediterranean}, author = {N. Munoz} } @article {431, title = {Spatial variability of fish fauna in sheltered and exposed shallow rocky reefs from a recently established Mediterranean Marine Protected Area}, journal = { Italian Journal Zoology}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Coastal exposure may affect the structure of littoral fish assemblages. To evaluate its effects, fish assemblages associated with shallow (0-3m depth) rocky reefs were investigated by visual census at the Asinara Island National Park (northwestern Sardinia, Italy, Mediterranean Sea) during autumn 2003. Distribution patterns of ichthyofauna in sheltered and exposed rocky reefs were assessed over the spatial scales of locations (i.e. kilometres) and sites (i.e. hundreds of metres). Overall, 38 fish taxa belonging to 17 families were recorded, with Labridae, Sparidae and Serranidae being the families with the most species. Univariate analyses showed that the average density of Labridae and Serranidae was significantly greater at sheltered locations, while particulate organic matter feeders (i.e. Mugilidae) were more abundant at the exposed ones. Significant differences in species richness, total fish abundance and densities of Labridae and planktivorous fish were observed at the spatial scale of sites. Multivariate analyses revealed that whole fish assemblages differed more at the scale of locations than among sites. Planktivorous species contributed most to the dissimilarity between fish assemblages associated with exposed and sheltered stretches of coast. Direct and indirect effects of coastal exposure were hypothesized to explain the potential role of wave action in structuring fish assemblages associated with shallow rocky reefs. In particular, direct effects could affect the distribution patterns of fish, depending on their swimming ability, while indirect effects could include changes in the benthic cover (especially macroalgae) caused by wave action, which then had a repercussion on the fish.

}, keywords = {Asinara, assemblage, census, comparison, density, depth, distribution, establishment, fauna, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, island, Italy, labridae, littoral, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, national park, protected area, reefs, r{\^o}le, Sardinia, scale, serranidae, sparidae, spatial heterogeneity, species richness, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. Pais and P. Guidetti and E. Azzuro} } @article {512, title = {Sponge disease: a global threat?}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {9}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

Sponges are the most simple and primitive metazoans, yet they have various biological and ecological properties that make them an influential component of coral-reef ecosystems. Marine sponges provide refuge for many small invertebrates and are critical to benthic-pelagic coupling across a wide range of habitats. Reports of sponge disease have increased dramatically in recent years with sponge populations decimated throughout the Mediterranean and Caribbean. Reports also suggest an increased prevalence of sponge disease in Papua New Guinea, the Great Barrier Reef and in the reefs of Cozumel, Mexico. These epidemics can have severe impacts on the survival of sponge populations, the ecology of the reef and the fate of associated marine invertebrates. Despite the ecological and commercial importance of sponges, the understanding of sponge disease is limited. There has generally been a failure to isolate and identify the causative agents of sponge disease, with only one case confirming Koch{\textquoteright}s postulates and identifying a novel Alphaproteobacteria strain as the primary pathogen. Other potential disease agents include fungi, viruses, cyanobacteria and bacterial strains within the Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera. There is some evidence for correlations between sponge disease and environmental factors such as climate change and urban/agricultural runoff. This review summarizes the occurrence of sponge disease, describes the syndromes identified thus far, explores potential linkages with environmental change and proposes a strategy for future research towards better management of sponge disease outbreaks.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, coral reef, cyanobact{\'e}rie, cyanobacterium, disease, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, habitat, impact, injury, invertebrate, management, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, n{\'e}crose, pathogen, pathog{\`e}ne, r{\'e}cif coralien, research, sea water temperature, sponge, spongiaire, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, threat}, author = {N.S. Webster} } @article {430, title = {Strat{\'e}gie nationale d{\textquoteright}adaptation au changement climatique}, year = {2007}, edition = {La documentation fran{\c c}aise}, abstract = {

La strat\égie nationale d{\textquoteright}adaptation exprime le point de vue de l{\textquoteright}Etat sur la mani\ère d{\textquoteright}aborder la question de l{\textquoteright}adaptation au changement climatique. Il s{\textquoteright}agit, d{\textquoteright}ores et d\éj

}, keywords = {adaptation, changement climatique, climate change, d{\'e}veloppement durable, France, impact, r{\'e}chauffement, sant{\'e}, warming}, url = {http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/-Impacts-et-adaptation-ONERC-.html}, author = {ONERC} } @article {251, title = {Study of the formation of biogenic speleothemes found in submarine caves at the cape of Otranto, Italy, by 14C AMS}, journal = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B, 259}, year = {2007}, chapter = {395-397}, address = {73100 Lecce}, keywords = {Coralligenous, indicateurs, Marine Calibration Curve, Radiocarbon, Reservoir effect, Speleothemes}, attachments = {http://rac-spa.org/sites/default/files/d_elia_et_al_2007.pdf} } @article {257, title = {Thermodependent bacterial pathogens and mass mortalities in temperate benthic communities: a new case of emerging disease linked to climate change}, journal = {Global Change Biology}, volume = {13}, year = {2007}, abstract = {

In the temperate north-western Mediterranean Sea, large-scale disease outbreaks in benthic invertebrate species have recently occurred during climatic anomalies characterized by elevated seawater temperatures. One of the most affected species was the red gorgonian Paramuricea clavata, a key species of highly diverse communities dwelling in dim-lit habitats in the Mediterranean. From diseased P. clavata colonies, we isolated culturable bacteria associated to tissue lesions in order to investigate their potential as pathogens. Inoculation of four bacterial isolates onto healthy P. clavata in aquaria caused disease signs similar to those observed during the 2003 mortality event. The infection process was dependent on elevated seawater temperatures, in a range of values consistent with recordings performed in the field during the climatic anomalies. Among the four isolates, we identified a Vibrio coralliilyticus strain that showed virulence to P. clavata. This strain was re-isolated from diseased colonies during the experimentations. V. coralliilyticus has been previously identified as a thermodependent pathogen of a tropical coral species, emphasizing a causal role of this infectious agent in the P. clavata disease. Taking into consideration predicted global warming over the coming decades, a better understanding of the factors and mechanisms that affect the disease process will be of critical importance in predicting future threats to temperate gorgonians communities in the Mediterranean Sea.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, changement climatique, climate, climate change, disease, France, global warming, gorgonaire, gorgonian, habitat, Ile du Riou, infection, invertebrate, Marseille, Marseilles, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, Paramuricea clavata, pathogen, pathog{\`e}ne, Provence, r{\'e}chauffement global, Riou Island, sea water temperature, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, threat, Vibrio corallilyticus, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {Bally and Garrabou} } @book {382, title = {Use of the IUCN protected areas management categories in the Mediterranean region / Utilizaci?n de las categor?as de gesti?n de ?reas protegidas de UICN en la regi?n mediterr?nea / Utilisation des cat{\'e}gories de gestion des aires prot{\'e}g{\'e}es de l{\textquoteright}UICN en M{\'e}d}, year = {2007}, publisher = {UICN en collaboration avec la Consejer?a de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucia, Sevilla, Espagne.}, organization = {UICN en collaboration avec la Consejer?a de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucia, Sevilla, Espagne.}, address = {Gland, Suisse et Malaga, Espagne}, abstract = {

This publication analyses the use and interpretation of the different protected areas categories in the Mediterranean, gathers the ideas and proposals of agencies and other key stakeholders in the Mediterranean region, and includes the results of the IUCN{\textquoteright}s International Summit in Almeria.La presente publicaci?n analiza el uso y la interpretaci?n que se realiza de las diferentes categor?as de ?reas protegidas en el ?mbito mediterr?neo, recoge las ideas y propuestas de las agencias y de otros actores clave de la regi?n mediterr?nea e incluye los resultados de la Cumbre Internacional de la UICN de Almer?a.Cette publication analyse l{\textquoteright}utilisation et l{\textquoteright}interpr\étation faites des diff\érentes cat\égories d{\textquoteright}aires prot\ég\ées dans le milieu m\éditerran\éen, rassemble les id\ées et les propositions des agences et d{\textquoteright}autres acteurs cl\é de la r\égion m\éditerran\éenne et inclut les r\ésultats du Sommet international de l{\textquoteright}UICN de Almeria.

}, keywords = {Cabo de Gata Nijar, category, conservation, convention, gestion, governance, legislative, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, national status, natural park, partnership, protected area, Spain, stakeholders, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {A. Lopez Ornat and A. Pons Reynes} } @article {392, title = {An alternative approach for managing scuba diving in small marine protected areas}, journal = {Aquatic conservation marine and freshwater ecosystems}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

1. As the interest of divers in exploring marine protected areas grows, so does their impact on sensitive marine organisms and communities. This situation has led managers to adopt a variety of measures to manage scuba diving in marine reserves. However, if marine areas need to be managed and protected from the adverse effects of human activities, then the characterization of marine habitats and the communities they contain, along with the potential effects of scuba diving, will need to be evaluated on scientific lines.2. To this end, the use of benthic mapping, together with an evaluation of community vulnerability, constitutes a complementary tool for managing scuba diving, as is demonstrated in the present study.3. The identification and evaluation of the different communities observed in Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas Marine Reserve enables managers to propose different measures for controlling potential diver impact and also for evaluating the effects of these measures, thus reducing the degradation of the benthic organisms and communities, benefiting the local tourism industry and allowing a more sustainable use of the marine reserve resources.

}, keywords = {assemblage, benthic assemblage, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, decision making, habitat, impact, island, management, management tool, mapping, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection measure, scuba-diving, Spain, tourism, western Mediterranean}, author = {J. Lloret and F. Carreno and L. Marin-Guirao and A. Marin} } @article {483, title = {The anomalous warming of summer 2003 in the surface layer of the Central Ligurian Sea (Western Mediterranean)}, journal = {Annales Geophysicae}, volume = {24}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Meteorological and sea temperature data from the ODAS Italia 1 buoy (Ligurian Sea, Western Mediterranean)are used to study the anomalous warming of summer 2003 at sea. The event was related to the record heat wave that interested much of Europe from June to September of that year. The data show that the anomalous warming was prevalently confined to within a few meters below the sea surface. On the contrary, the temperatures in the underlying layers were lower than usual. The limited vertical propagation of heat is ascribed to the high temperature difference that arose between the surface and the deeper layers due to protracted calm weather conditions. The degree of penetration of heat deduced from the observations is consistent with that computed on the basis of an energetic argument, wherein the wind constitutes the sole supply of kinetic energy, while the heating is viewed as the source of potential energy that must be \"subtracted\" by mixing. The results support the hypothesis that the scanty energy from the wind is mainly responsible for the development of the temperature anomaly at the sea surface

}, keywords = {air-sea interaction, anomalie thermique, climate, climate change, Europe, Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean sea, metorology, oceanography, sea surface, temperature, warming, western Mediterranean, wind}, author = {S. Sparnocchia and M.E. Schiano and P. Picco and R. Bozzano and A. Cappelletti} } @article {296, title = {Assessing the effects of marine protected area (MPA) on a reef fish assemblage in a northwestern Mediterranean marine reserve: Identifying community-based indicators}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, year = {2006}, chapter = {349-369}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly envisaged as a tool to manage coastal ecosystems and fisheries. Assessment of their performance with respect to management objectives is therefore important. A number of MPAs provided conservation benefits for fished species. Observed benefits do not apply to all species at all times, and responses to protection are also highly variable among fish taxa. Among the many empirical studies on marine reserves, only a few designs considered {\textquoteright}before and after data{\textquoteright} and spatial variation. In this paper, we are interested in assessing the effect of a no-take reserve on the reef fish assemblage in a northwestern Mediterranean example. Data were obtained from a three-year survey using underwater visual censuses (UVC), before and after MPA establishment. Permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA) and multivariate regression trees (MRT) were used to evaluate the effects of reserve protection on the reef fish assemblage, while accounting for habitat. Modelled biological responses were abundances and diversity indices calculated at different levels of the assemblage.Significant effects were found for many of these metrics. In addition to PERMANOVA, univariate models provided more insight into the magnitude and direction of effects. The most sensitive metrics were related to large species and species targeted by fishing. These results may be used to choose the metrics that are more suitable as communitybased indicators of MPA impact in the perspective of monitoring programs.

}, keywords = {assemblage, assessment, benefit, conservation, C{\^o}te Bleue, design, diversity, ecological indicator, ecosystem, fish, fish assemblage, fishery, France, habitat, impact, impact assessment, indicator, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, multivariate regression trees, permutational multivariate analysis of variance, protected area, protection, reef fish assemblage, western Mediterranean}, author = {Claudet and Pelletier and Jouvenel and Bachet and Galzin} } @article {385, title = {Baseline expression of heat-shock proteins (HSPs) of a "thermotolerant" Mediterranean marine species largely influenced by natural temperature fluctuations}, journal = {Can.J.Fish.Aquat.Sci.}, volume = {63}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Northwestern Mediterranean warming-related disease outbreaks and species shifts have recently been documented. Biomarkers of short-term effects on the health or resistance of organisms are necessary to assess and understand mechanisms affecting marine biodiversity. Heat-shock protein (HSP) expression was here believed to present finer variations than previously reported in experimental studies, which we tested to assess HSP sensitivity and relevance in the global warming context. One population of the \"thermophilic\" marine cave mysid Hemimysis margalefi was monitored over 4 years. Three HSPs presented recurrent expression. Among them, HSP50 and HSP60 expressions varied seasonally with environmental temperature. HSP60 expression displayed the greatest variability and was most closely related to temperature fluctuations. Multiple regression showed that while the main stressor was temperature, demographic variables (proportion of immatures, proportion of gravid females) also influenced expression variability. Such a monitoring of HSP baseline expression in a natural population had only rarely been conducted. HSPs are, however, good biomarkers to evaluate the effects of warming episodes or heat stress in the wild. This study provides essential spatial and temporal reference for further experimental and in situ analyses and is a prerequisite to diagnostic and predictive approaches.

}, keywords = {biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, disease, global warming, grotte sous-marine, health, heat-shock protein, Hemimysis sp., marine cave, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, physiologie, protein, prot{\'e}ine de choc thermique, r{\'e}chauffement, r{\'e}chauffement global, sea water temperature, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, thermotolerance, warming}, author = {C. Lejeusne and T. Perez and V. Sarrazin and P. Chevaldonn{\'e}} } @article {282, title = {Changes in fish abundance do not cascade to sea urchins and erect algae in one of the most oligotrophic parts of the Mediterranean}, journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science}, year = {2006}, chapter = {273-282}, abstract = {

The abundance of fish, sea urchins, and erect algae over carbonated and non-carbonated rocks was measured in two areas differing in the level of fishing intensity off northern Minorca (Balearic Islands, western Mediterranean) to test the hypothesis that changes in the abundance of invertebrate-feeding fish cascade to erect algae through changes in the density of sea urchins in oligotrophic areas, as has been reported previously for eutrophic areas in the northwestern Mediterranean. Although the biomass of invertebrate-feeding fish and the cover of erect algae increased where fishing intensity decreased, independently of rock type, the biomass and the horizontal test size of sea urchins, represented almost exclusively by Paracentrotus lividus, also increased. Furthermore, the total cover of erect algae and that of the two dominant algae species were not correlated with sea urchin density or sea urchin biomass. Rock type did not affect the total cover of erect algae, but Cystoseira brachycarpa J. Agardh preferred non-carbonated rocks and Dictyota dichotoma v. intricata (C. Agardh) Greville favoured carbonated ones. The only herbivorous fish (Sarpa salpa) and the omnivorous breams of the family Sparidae were more abundant around carbonated rocks, although only inside the marine protected areas. The wrasses of the family Labridae were insensitive to rock type and the level of fishing intensity. The overall evidence indicates that trophic cascades do not operate in the area studied, as changes in the abundance of invertebrate-feeding fish did not cascade to sea urchins and changes in the abundance of sea urchins did not affect erect algae. The limited recruitment of fish and sea urchins due to extreme oligotrophy is invoked as an explanation, in agreement with the ecosystem exploitation paradigm.

}, keywords = {algae, Balearic Islands, Cystoseira, ecosystem, fish, fish abundance, grazing, island, labridae, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Minorca, Paracentrotus lividus, protected area, recruitment, Sarpa salpa, sea urchin, size, Spain, sparidae, trophic cascad, western Mediterranean}, author = {Cardona and Sales and Lopez} } @article {312, title = {The changing faces of Europe{\textquoteright}s coastal areas}, year = {2006}, edition = {Office for Official Publications of the European Communities}, address = {Luxembourg}, abstract = {

This report provides information on the state of the environment in the coastal areas of Europe, and provides evidence of the need for a more integrated, long-term approach. Since 1995, concern about the state of Europe{\textquoteright}s coastline has led to a number of EU initiatives, which build on the concept of integrated coastal zone management (ICZM). ICZM attempts to balance the needs of development with protection of the very resources that sustain coastal economies. It also takes into account the public{\textquoteright}s concern about the deteriorating environmental, socio-economic and cultural state of the European coastline.The specific objective of this work is to contribute to the review of the Recommendation of the European Parliament and the Council concerning the implementation of Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Europe (2002/413/EC), planned by the European Commission for 2006. This review requires information on existing trends and on the effects of policies and financial instruments directed towards coastal management.The report aligns itself to the wider context of ecosystems and human well-being set up by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (2005). By linking ecosystems and human well-being, this approach focuses in particular on {\textquoteright}ecosystem services{\textquoteright}, i.e. the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. Climate change and its impact on coastal zones is yet another important analytical framework that is taken into account while analysing the state of coasts. The increasing vulnerability of the coastal population and ecosystems becomes a challenge for the ICZM approach, which should achieve a reduction in these vulnerabilities through the coherent spatial organisation of coastal zones and by increasing the resilience of coastal systems. By analysing the responses of society to unsustainable development trends, the report reviews existing relevant policies and tracks how they may affect the coastal zones. The report is intended to give a comprehensive picture of European policies concerning the coast, either directly or indirectly. The focus is weighted towards the EU ICZM Recommendation and follows the work undertaken by the EU Expert Group on ICZM, which selected two sets of indicators: a set of 27 indicators for measuring sustainability on the coast, and an additional set to measure the implementation of integrated coastal management in European countries. The indicators also serve as examples for a more widespread adoption of integrated territorial management principles across Europe.Testing indicators at Member State and regional level is especially important as the approach underlines the flexible and problem-oriented nature of adopted responses. Here, the EU follows the subsidiarity and proportionality principle by providing leadership and guidance to support implementation at other levels. The report serves the purpose of developing the EEA{\textquoteright}s approach on integrated spatial assessment with a view to understanding changes in coastal systems and monitoring progress towards sustainable development.It has allowed the construction of a GIS database for the European coast and contributes to establishing the infrastructure for spatial information in the Community (INSPIRE) and its implementing guidelines.In the assessment, a number of priorities for action have been identified. : - Population sizes in Europe{\textquoteright}s coasts are continuously increasing, sometimes faster than in inland areas. Coasts are converted to manmade artificial surfaces at an even faster pace. There is a need to develop more information to better understand what is happening with built up areas and city planning in Europe, and to establish some thresholds and other planning tools to avoid uncontrolled sprawl. - Infrastructure developments appear as a powerful driver of residential sprawl, soil sealing and heightened levels of mobility. They are also, together with urban sprawl, an important factor in fragmentation of coastal space. - Numbers and figures from the Corine land cover data base describing changes between 1990 and 2000 show an important loss of habitats (e.g. pastures, mixed farmland, natural and semi-natural areas and wetlands), which are extremely relevant for biodiversity. This is a clear indicator of the need for action to mitigate these trends. - Coastal shelf ecosystems are also being affected. A European map of seagrass communities is urgently needed. Sea rass communities are being degraded because of the persistence of turbidity in coastal waters, trawling and other causes. But data are still lacking by which to map the underwater habitats on a European scale. - Contamination of coastal water significantly affects the capacity for coastal waters to be the nursery habitats for species that will return to deep waters. Land/sea models are needed to better understand how terrestrial sources affect the quality of coastal waters. Eutrophication is still an important problem in different regional seas. - There is an urgent need to find more sustainable forms of tourism on the coast. Tourism appears to be the most important maritime activity especially in southern countries and also in the Baltic countries, Poland, South Finland etc. This activity has a very high spatial and seasonal impact. Tourism flows affect the whole of Europe. Urgent action is needed to build European awareness and promote respect for coastal areas, including economic tools to compensate for major externalities and enhance solidarity amongst European regions. - There is a need to map and manage the activities that are growing very rapidly seawards (e.g. wind farms and other energy plants, ports and maritime traffic). This will require progress in spatial planning of coastal waters. - Aquaculture is a sector that has a strong growth potential, but it is often considered a controversial issue. Data are needed to assess the relevance of aquaculture for fishery community needs in order to ensure economic feedback and control environmental externalities, including fish stock recovery. - Due to these different pressures, the EU designated extensive coastal sites through its Natura2000 network (both on land and at sea) to protect the coast from further development, and ensure the quality of the coastal ecosystems and habitats. An initiative to create a network of marine protected areas, ideally connected by {\textquoteright}blue corridors{\textquoteright}, offers good prospects for marine ecosystem protection. However, the management and follow up system of already established sites is still under preparation. - A large number of coastal regions are amongst the EU{\textquoteright}s less favoured regions. Improving living standards of peripheral coastal communities is therefore an obvious challenge for cohesion policies. Sustainable socio-economic development is needed at regional and local level, and could be supported by EU funds through the enhancement of maritime activities using sustainable practices, coupled with a consistent monitoring of effects of the different actions on environment and society. - The report identifies major coastal risks and assesses how and why to reverse the trends. To fight coastal erosion, the recovery of the sediment balance is needed. In light of this, a new concept of sediment management is highlighted. - Looking to the future it is clear that the impact of global warming and climate change will become widespread. It will have a singular effect on the coast with rising sea levels, the increased probability of storm surges and associated coastal floods. However, increasing human vulnerability rather than physical magnitude or frequency of the events themselves is the prime factor underlying the rise in impacts. People are increasingly occupying the low-lying areas that are exposed to flooding, thus exacerbating their vulnerability to extreme events. - Natural ecosystems have proved to be key in increasing coastal resilience and protecting the coast during hurricane episodes (e.g. Louisiana, September 2005) and even tsunamis, (south-east Asia, December 2004). Coastal wetlands, coastal dunes and beaches, inter-tidal flats, coastal forests etc. are the most effective defences in the case of these types of natural disasters. However, coastal ecosystems and habitats need space and time to fully recover to be able to efficiently protect settlements and lives landwards. - Results show that the EU{\textquoteright}s coast is made up of very diverse landscapes and cultural contexts. It is important to take stock of this diversity to avoid cultural and landscape homogenisation. There is a need to work more on regional sustainable development. Using a regional scope, islands need a specific approach as they have specific problems such as limited land availability, lack of water reserves, waste management etc. - Policies for the EU{\textquoteright}s coasts have a long history but have not been implemented in an integrated manner so far. The situation today presents a great challenge. It also offers opportunities to promote the integration of river basins, coastal zones and marine regions and enhance cooperation with the water framework directive, European marine strategy and preparation of the European Maritime Policy. This should be seen within a sustainable development framework and the EU{\textquoteright}s ICZM Recommendation with the national ICZM strategies (to be issued in 2006). The implementation of all these different policies has great potential and represents a unique opportunity to create an integrated legislative framework for the sustainable development of the European coasts. This report presents spatial information to support an integrated coastal policy framework. It represents a baseline to monitor the coast and should be updated in 2010 in accordance with the EU{\textquoteright}s ICZM strategy (2000). The EEA will support the revision of the strategy in conjunction with the assessment of the state of European environment. This new information can bridge present gaps and provide better regional assessments to fully understand the trends identified at European level.

}, keywords = {agriculture, artificial coast, biodiversity, blue flag, climate, climate change, coastal risk, coastal use, coastal water, coastal zone, cooperation, directive, diversity, ecosystem approach, erosion, Europe, fish, fishery, forest, habitat, history, ICZM, land-cover, landscape, management, marine protected area, maritime economy, monitoring, Natura 2000, natural area, network, oil spill, policy, population density, protected area, protection, seagrass, sustainable development, tourism, trawling, trend, wetland}, author = {European Environment Agency} } @article {351, title = {Coastal fish assemblages and Marine Protected Areas keys for interpreting patterns at 5 Italian MPA}, journal = {Biol Mar Medit}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

The assessment of fish assemblages at 5 Italian MPAs and adjacent fished areas provided evidence of clear differences attribuate to protection only at Torre Guaceto. At Porto Cesareo, the formal no-take zone is different, but due to the indirect effects of the destructive date-mussel fishery, whereas at the Tremiti Islands the difference is due to the pelicular features of the no-take zone. At Cinque Terre and Portofino the scanty differences are mostly attribuable to the recent protection. Actual and not only formal protection, MPA zoning / position and life-history traits of the studied species should be considered to properly evaluate effectiveness of MPAs.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, assemblage, assessment, Cinque Terre, comparison, effectiveness, fish, fish assemblage, fishery, fishery impact, habitat, impact, island, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, population, Porto Cesareo, Portofino, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, scale, Torre Guaceto, Tremiti, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {P. Guidetti and R. Cattaneo-Vietti and L. Tunesi and A. Molinari and S. Bussotti} } @article {297, title = {Consequences of a mass mortality in populations of Eunicella singularis (Cnidaria: Octocorallia) in Menorca (NW Mediterranean)}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, volume = {327}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

At the end of the boreal summer of 1999, many invertebrates in hard-bottom communities in the NW Mediterranean Sea suffered an episode of mass mortality. Our study examined the effects of this event on populations of the temperate octocoral Eunicella singularis at Menorca (Balearic Island). The event affected colonies over the entire depth range where the species is present (15 to 40 m). Four years after the occurence of the event, 59\% of the colonies still exhibited some damage. The extent of injury of the colonies varied among locations, ranging between 37 and 67\% with a mean of 50\% of the colony surface. The proportion of dead colonies also varied among locations from 26 to 62\%, with an overall mean of 46\% of the population. The proportion of dead colonies was inversely correlated with density. Current size distribution of the colonies indicated the occurence of low recruitment during the years subsequent to the mass motality event. Our study demonstrates that the 1999 mass mortality event was geographically more extensive than previously thought (Menorca is located about 400 to 700 km from areas where mass mortality was previously reported, along the coast of Provence and Ligury). The mortality rate of E. singularis estimated for the Menorca populations was the highest value recorded to date for this species, showing that the delayed effects of the mortality event exerted a much greater impact on these populations than the immediate effects. Additional impacts result from a reduction in recruitment. These delayed consequences may lead to important changes in community composition, structure, processes and function, as gorgonians are key structural and functional organisms within these communities.

}, keywords = {Balearic Islands, benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, corallig{\`e}ne, coralligenous community, distribution, Eunicella singularis, gorgonaire, gorgonian, hard bottom, Iles Bal{\'e}ares, impact, invertebrate, invert{\'e}br{\'e}, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Menorca, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Minorque, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, Provence, sea water temperature, Spain, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, thermotolerance, western Mediterranean}, author = {Coma and Linares and Ribes and Diaz and Garrabou and Ballesteros} } @mastersthesis {335, title = {Contribution }, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Les activit{\'e}s d{\textquoteright}exploitation des milieux naturels marins sont g{\'e}r{\'e}es via la gouvernance. Les aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es (AMP) sont utilis{\'e}es comme outil de gouvernance des oc{\'e}ans.Afin de d{\'e}montrer notre objectif d{\textquoteright}{\'e}valuation de la contribution des AMP

}, keywords = {AMP, awareness, communication, education, France, governance, Italy, marine protected area, Monaco, Pelagos, protection, review, sensibilisation}, author = {M-F. George} } @article {498, title = {Depth and substrate type driven patterns in the infralittoral fish assemblage of the NW Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Cybium}, volume = {30}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Fish fauna was studied in the coastal area of Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea) by means of visual census techniques to explore the relationships between fish assemblage, depth and substrate type. Because of the complexity of substrate types (Posidonia oceanica, rocky bottom, pebble, sand) and depth ranges (0-3; 3.1-12; 12.1-24 m), two different visual census methods were used. Sampling was carried out between 1998 and 1999. The data showed that species richness was greater at shallower depths and positively related with the structural complexity of the substrate type. Data analysis indicated a strong affinity between fish assemblages associated with pebble, P. oceanica meadow and rocky bottom, and confirmed the difference between ichthyofauna from sand and other substrate types. Depth was the main factor affecting variability in fish assemblages associated to P. oceanica, pebble and rocky bottom. The medium size class of fish was generally predominant in all depth and substrate type, except for the shallower depth range over sand and the deeper depth range over rocky bottom, where succeed respectively small and large size classes. The strong evidence of the role of depth and substrate should be taken into consideration in planning future studies to characterise fish assemblages in other Italian and Mediterranean coastal areas.

}, keywords = {assemblage, census, decision making, depth, fauna, fish, fish assemblage, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, planning, Portofino, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, rocky shore, r{\^o}le, sand, seagrass, size, species richness, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {L. Tunesi and M. Mori and E. Salvati and A. Molinari} } @article {449, title = {Ecological effects of Atlanto-Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas in the European Union}, year = {2006}, edition = {EMPAFISH European Marine Protected Areas as tools for Fisheries management and conservation}, abstract = {

The general objective of EMPAFISH Work Package 1 (WP1: \"Ecological effects of Marine Protected Areas\") is to identify and quantify ecological effects of MPAs and to organise the findings in a database for subsequent global metaanalysis and modelling. This booklet constitutes deliverable no. 3 of the EMPAFISH project, under WP1. The present document begins with a brief review of the ecological processes important for conservation and what are, generally speaking, the expected ecological effects of MPAs. The core of the document is devoted to descriptions of the research done to date at each EMPAFISH case study site to document and understand the ecological effects of protection measures. The bibliography gives an updated list of articles/references on all ecological studies at the 20 case study sites included in the EMPAFISH project..

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, Bouches de Bonifacio, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Castellamare, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, Columbretes, conservation, C{\^o}te Bleue, database, eastern Mediterranean, ecological indicator, France, impact, island, Italy, Ligurian Sea, Malta, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection, protection measure, Rdum Majjiesa and Ras ir-Raheb, research, review, San Antonio, Sicilia, Sierra Gelada \& Benidorm islets, Sinis - Mal di Ventre, Spain, Tabarca, Toscan, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, url = {http://www.um.es/empafish/}, author = {S. Planes and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and J-A. Garcia-Charton and R. Higgins and P. Smith and F. Vandeperre and C. Marcos and S. Mangi} } @article {250, title = {Economic Analysis Marine Protected Areas : A literature review}, year = {2006}, institution = {EMPAFISH European Marine Protected Areas as tools for Fisheries management and conservation}, abstract = {

Work packtage 3 of EMPAFISH is devoted to analyse the socio-economics impacts of MPAs and to select the best subset of indicators of MPA performance, under each management regime, considering socio-economic indicators and providing a quantitative analysis of the socio-economic performance of MPAs.The present booklet review the socio-economic literature dedicated to various aspects of marine protected areas related to ecosystem preservation, fisheries management, recreationnal activities, nd distributional consequences of MPAs and methodolical issues fos cost-benefit analsis and its application to MPAs, and the specific problem of economic valuation of non-market values. MPAs is becoming an experience field for ecnomists and sociologists ans we are just now in the starting point.

}, keywords = {economy, ecosystem, effectiveness, fishery, impact, indicator, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, protected area, recreation, review, socioeconomic aspects}, author = {Alban and App{\'e}r{\'e} and Boncoeur and Austen and Higgins and Mangi and Marcos and Maynou and P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and Vandeperre} } @book {261, title = {Economic aspects of Marine Protected Areas}, year = {2006}, pages = {68}, publisher = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA}, organization = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA}, address = {Tunis}, abstract = {

Marine Protected Areas are subject to conflicting uses. As such, decision making analysis with respect to their management should be made on a sound base. This book was devoted to introduce the reader to the concept of economics, how it is implemented to natural resources management and especially how it could be applied to MPAs.The important lessons that can be learned are summarized in the following points:1. Economic decision making is based on the notion of efficiency.The efficiency criteria depend on the costs and benefits of different alternatives.2. We learned that there are different types of market failures in MPAs: Externalities (negative and positive), public good provision and Common Property characteristic.3. Common Property resources result in over exploitation of fisheries efforts and some times may lead to extinction.4. Different market failures result in the wrong signaling of development vs. preservation.We saw that while in most cases there is no market value to MPAs, still there is a social value that should be taken into account in the decision making process.5.We explained how to use these benefit estimation techniques in the CBA process. 6.We devoted an entire chapter to the financial importance of managing a viable and sustainable MPA.Almost never has an MPA the privilege of being financed by the government. Usually it has to rely on its own sources of revenue generation. May this be justified or not, it is a fact.To deal with that fact, a sound management tool is building a management plan and financial plan for any proposed MPA.In this book, we tried to raise questions rather than answering them. It is our hope that the readers can find the questions interesting and find the relevant answers in the references we have provided and in implementing the tools suggested to their own case study. Exercising the method suggested in the book might benefit the decision-making process of managing these important assets of the Oceans we all depend on as a society.

}, keywords = {economic value, economy, fishery, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, ocean, protected area}, author = {Becker and Choresh} } @article {339, title = {The effects of recreational Paracentrotus lividus fishing on distribution patterns of sea urchins at Ustica Island MPA (Western Mediterranean, Italy)}, journal = {Fisheries Research}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

This study evaluated the effects of recreational Paracentrotus lividus fishing on average density and size of this edible sea urchin, and itsindirect effects on Arbacia lixula on barren substrates of Ustica Island MPA (SW Italy, Mediterranean Sea). Size, single and pooled speciesdensities, density of large individuals (>40mm long) and small individuals (<20mm long) of the two species were estimated by scuba divingin autumn 2003, spring and summer 2004 at two sites impacted by P. lividus fishing (Punta Cavazzi and Pagliaro, take zone C) and one control(Cala Sidoti, no take zone). Two samplings were performed in each season.We found that reduced densities of P. lividus and A. lixula occurredat the fished sites compared with the unfished sites. P. lividus was always larger and more abundant at the protected site than the fished ones,whereas A. lixula had a larger density at the protected site and greater size at the fished sites. The significantly lower density of A. lixula at thesites subjected to fishing of P. lividus could suggest that A. lixula did not benefit from this kind of fishing and thus the two sea urchins mightpartially share the same habitat and resources in the barren habitats of "Ustica Island" MPA. These outcomes emphasize the role of regulatedfishing in maintaining urchin populations at such low densities that interspecific competition is not induced.

}, keywords = {Arbacia lixula, benefit, comparison, density, distribution, echinoderm, fishery, fishery impact, habitat, island, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Paracentrotus lividus, population, protected area, r{\^o}le, scuba-diving, sea urchin, size, Ustica, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {P. Gianguzza and S. Roggio and I. Vielmini and R. Cattaneo and C. Bonaviri and M. Chiantore} } @article {267, title = {Etude socio-{\'e}conomique et spatialis{\'e}e de la p{\^e}che r{\'e}cr{\'e}ative en mer dans la zone marine agathoise}, year = {2006}, edition = {Association de D{\'e}fense de l{\textquoteright}Environnement et de la Nature des pays d{\textquoteright}Agde}, address = {Sete}, abstract = {

Cette pr\ésente \étude a ainsi permis de mettre

}, keywords = {Agde, boating, census, economy, fishery, France, gestion, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection, recreationnal fishery, visitation, western Mediterranean}, url = {http://www.adena-bagnas.com}, author = {Blouet and Dupuy de la Grandrive} } @article {364, title = {Evaluating Effectiveness: A framework for assessing management effectiveness of protected areas. 2nd edition}, year = {2006}, edition = {IUCN; IUCN and Natural Resources}, address = {Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK}, abstract = {

Management effectiveness evaluation is defined as the assessment of how well protected areas are being managed - primarily the extent to which management is protecting values and achieving goals and objectives.Four major purposes drive evaluation of management effectiveness (detailed in Chapter 2). It can: - lead to better management in a changing environment;- assist in effective resource allocation;- promote accountability and transparency; and- help involve the community, build constituency- and promote protected area values.The Framework for management effectiveness developed by the IUCN World Commission for Protected Areas was published in the first version of this Best Practice Guideline.1 It is further explained and interpreted, though not substantially altered, in this version (Chapter 3). It is based on the idea that protected area management follows a process with six distinct stages, or elements:- it begins with reviewing context and establishing a vision for site management (within the context of existing status and pressures),- progresses through planning and allocation of resources (inputs), and - as a result of management actions (process),- eventually produces goods and services (outputs), - that result in impacts or outcomes.This Best Practice Guideline is not intended as a {\textquoteright}how-to{\textquoteright} manual and does not contain a detailed methodology, but explains (Chapter 4) the steps in designing and conducting an assessment, through the phases of:1. defining assessment objectives, scope and resourcing;2. choosing and developing a methodology, including establishing an assessment team and defining indicators;3. implementing the assessment in the field and office; and4. interpreting, communicating and using results.The process of conducting an assessment often has great benefits in itself, through building cooperative teams of people and encouraging the sharing of knowledge and reflection.Management effectiveness evaluation is only worth doing if it results in better managed protected areas: in other words if the results of an assessment are first interpreted to identify some practical lessons and then acted upon (Chapter 5). Appropriate, targeted communication to a range of audiences is critical, as is timely feedback to those who have contributed time and information to the assessment. Public reporting of results needs to be undertaken with some care, as agencies balance the desire for increased transparency with political sensitivities. At local, regional and global level, results can be used to adapt plans and practices, adjust resource allocation, revise policies and affirm good work being undertaken.A number of key guidelines for good practice in evaluation are presented, drawn from the experience of many practitioners across the world (Chapter 6). Important needs and directions for the future are identified:- Make evaluation part of {\textquoteright}core business{\textquoteright}: move from trial and intermittent assessments to regular exercises integrated into the management and planning cycles of protected area agencies;- Improve data coordination and rationalization of assessments and compile data: cooperative work is underway to allow more global compilation of essential reporting information;- Further develop cost-effective, meaningful monitoring systems and indicators, with emphasis on ecological integrity assessment and indicators for social, cultural and economic factors;- Find better ways to engage with managers and communities;- Look for common threads: begin to draw data together to find trends, themes and lessons across regions; and- Make a difference: ensure results are interpreted, communicated and used.To illustrate the progress being made in management effectiveness evaluation and to further assist those interested in the topic, case studies from assessments around the world are presented and a list of relevant resources including publications and websites is also provided at the end of this book.

}, keywords = {assessment, benefit, biological diversity, communication, conservation, convention, design, diversity, effectiveness, environment, guidelines, impact, indicator, management, methodology, monitoring, planning, policy, protected area, trend, value}, author = {M. Hocking and J. Courrau and N. Dudley and S. Leverington and S. Stolton} } @article {254, title = {Evaluation des modifications de la biodiversit{\'e} marine sous l{\textquoteright}influence du changement global en M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

La M\éditerran\ée nord-occidentale est une r\égion sensible au changement climatique. Les impacts potentiels de ce changement pourraient avoir des cons\équences dramatiques sur la conservation de nombreux \écosyst\èmes et esp\èces. Un effort de recherche pour discerner les effets pass\és et futurs du changement global en M\éditerran\ée doit \être soutenu pour \évaluer les risques encourus par la biodiversit\é marine. Ce projet propose d{\textquoteright}\étudier les communaut\és de substrats durs.

}, keywords = {biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, changement global, climate change, conservation, distribution, dynamic, dynamique, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, genetic, g{\'e}n{\'e}tique, global change, impact, long-term monitoring, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e}, north-western Mediterranean, ph{\'e}nologie, phenology, recherche, serum, surveillance, thermotolerance, western Mediterranean}, author = {Aurelle and Bensoussan and Boury-Esnault and Chevaldonn{\'e} and Garrabou and Harmelin and Laubier and Ledoux and Lejeusne and Marschal and Perez and Romano and Torrents and Vacelet} } @article {280, title = {Evolutionary response to rapid climate change}, journal = {Science}, volume = {312}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Recent, rapid climate change is driving evolution, as organisms adapt to altered seasonal events rather than to the direct effects of increasing temperature.

}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, changement climatique, climate, climate change, d{\'e}rive septentrionale, genetic, g{\'e}n{\'e}tique, northward shift, ph{\'e}nologie, phenology}, author = {Bradshaw and Holzapfel} } @article {497, title = {Fish assemblage of the marine protected area of Cinque Terre (NW Mediterranean Sea): First characterization and assessment by visual census}, journal = {Chemistry and Ecology}, volume = {22}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

The main objective of this study is to improve the knowledge of the coastal fish assemblage of {\textquoteright}Cinque Terre{\textquoteright} Italian national Marine Protected Area (Ligurian Sea), focusing on the characterization of the fish fauna in the core zone A (no entry-no take). The study relates to the main sea-bottom types and bathymetric ranges, and evaluates the effect of the protection on fish abundance and size composition in this 5-yr-old MPA. Field activities were carried out in 2003 by means of visual census techniques. In the A zone, fish-assemblage composition are strictly related to depth and sea-bottom type. Recorded data did not permit detection of a clear reserve effect on fish fauna, probably due to the recent institution of the MPA. Several significant differences were detected only considering the size-class composition of target species.

}, keywords = {assemblage, assessment, census, Cinque Terre, comparison, depth, fauna, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, fishing prohibition, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, mullidae, no-take area, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, reserve effect, Sciaenidae, serranidae, size, sparidae, visual census, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {L. Tunesi and E. Salvati and A. Molinari} } @article {507, title = {Fishery regimes in Atlanto-Mediterranean European Marine protected Areas}, year = {2006}, edition = {EMPAFISH European Marine Protected Areas as tools for Fisheries management and conservation}, abstract = {

The work packtage 2 of EMPAFISH is devoted to evaluate and provide useful fishery related steady stat variables as indicators of MPAs fishery effects, to analyse MPAs management regime on population parameters of the exploited resources and key non-commercial species, to analyse MPAs effects at variying temporal ans spatial scales and to study the effects of MPAs on the geographic dispersion of fishing effort and fleet operational regimes.The booklet reviews the characteristics of the case studies included in the project from the point of view of their fishing activites and fleets as a straring point to look for answers to such important questions.

}, keywords = {Bouches de Bonifacio, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Castellamare, Columbretes, conservation, C{\^o}te Bleue, database, eastern Mediterranean, fishery, fishery impact, France, indicator, Italy, Malta, management, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, population, protected area, protection, protection measure, research, review, San Antonio, scale, Sicilia, Sierra Gelada \& Benidorm islets, Sinis - Mal di Ventre, Spain, Tabarca, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, url = {http://www.um.es/empafish/}, author = {F. Vandeperre and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and R-S. Santos and R. Higgins} } @article {460, title = {Growth and photosynthesis of two Mediterranean corals, Cladocora caespitosa and Oculina patagonica, under normal and elevated temperature}, journal = {The Journal of Experimental Biology}, volume = {209}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

The Ligurian Sea (NW Mediterranean) experienced warm summers in 1998, 1999 and from 2003 to 2005. The temperature was 1-3\°C higher than the mean summer value (24\°C) and remained high over a long period. During these summers, mass-mortality events, affecting several sessile benthic species, were reported. In the present study, we tested the long-term (3-7 weeks) effect of different temperatures (20\°C measured in spring and autumn, 24\°C observed in summer, and 26\°C and 28\°C abnormal summer values) on two Mediterranean corals, Cladocora caespitosa and Oculina patagonica. Growth rate, photosynthetic efficiency (Fv/Fm), relative electron transport rate (ETR), zooxanthellae and chlorophyll (chl) contents were measured during 48 days incubation. At 20\°C, all parameters remained constant during the whole experiment for both species. At higher temperatures, most physiological parameters were affected by only 2-5 weeksat 24\°C, and were severely depressed at higher temperatures. Small replicate samples (nubbins) of O. patagonica significantly decreased their zooxanthellae and chl concentrations at all temperatures, after 2 weeks of incubation. Their Fv/Fm values, as well as their growth rates, were also gradually reduced during the incubation at all temperatures. However, only a few nubbinsmaintained at 28\°C showed signs of tissue necrosis after 34 days, and these gradually recovered tissue when temperature was returned to normal. In nubbins of C. caespitosa, chl and zooxanthellae concentrations decreased only after 34 days of incubation at 26\°C and 28\°C. At the same time, tissue necrosis was observed, explaining the loss of the symbionts. Fv/Fm was reduced only after 34 days of incubation at the different temperatures, and growth rate was first enhanced, before collapsing by 30\% at 24\°C and by 90-100\% at 26\°C and 28\°C. All samples maintained at 26\°C and 28\°C had died, due to tissue necrosis, by the end of the experiment. Results obtained suggest that O. patagonica is more able than C. caespitosa to resist high temperature conditions because of its rapid bleaching capacity. In contrast, it seems that C. caespitosa is living close to its thermal limit during the summer period; therefore, a long-term increase at 24\°C or above could be lethal for this coral, just as was observed in situ during the recent warm summers.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, blanchiment, bleaching, Cladocora caespitosa, climate change, corail, coral, g{\`e}ne, Genoa, injury, Italie, Italy, La Spezia, Ligurian Sea, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer Ligure, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, n{\'e}crose, north-western Mediterranean, Oculina patagonica, photosynth{\`e}se, photosynthesis, physiologie, r{\'e}chauffement, scleractinian, sea water temperature, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, thermotolerance, transport, warming, western Mediterranean, zooxanthellae, zooxanthelle}, author = {R. Rodolfo-Metalpa and C. Richard and D. Allemand and C. Ferrier-Pag{\`e}s} } @article {284, title = {Human exclusion from rocky shores in a mediterranean marine protected area (MPA): An opportunity to investigate the effects of trampling}, journal = {Marine Environmental Research}, year = {2006}, chapter = {15-32}, abstract = {

The effect of human trampling on the abundance of small invertebrates inhabiting rocky shallow bottoms was studied at Asinara Island MPA. To this aim we have conducted two experiments. The first was a quantitative study and tested the hypothesis that small invertebrates are more abundant at no-entry locations than at the location visited by tourists through time (before, during and after tourist season). The second was a manipulative experiment and tested the hypothesis that the abundance of small invertebrates is indirectly related to experimental trampling intensities.The effect due to tourist visitation was not highlighted on overall assemblages, suggesting that present seasonal tourist load at the MPA does not cause a significantly negative effect on the zoobenthic community studied. Although tourists exhibited trampling activity at the visited location, none of taxa examined showed a significant lower abundance during and strictly after the end of seasonal tourism peak in the visited location, rather than at control locations. However, results obtained with the second experiment suggested that the effects of different experimental trampling intensities on small invertebrates were variable among taxa. The experimental trampling caused immediate declines in the density of tanaids, nematodes, acari, bivalves, gammarids, echinoderms, isopods, and harpacticoids. For some of these taxa a recovery in abundance was observed within one month.

}, keywords = {Asinara, assemblage, benthic invertebrate, human impact, impact, invertebrate, island, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, protected area, rocky shore, Sardinia, tourism, trampling, visitation, western Mediterranean}, author = {Casu and Ceccherelli and Curini-Galletti and Castelli} } @article {355, title = {The impacts of climate change in coastal marine systems}, journal = {Ecology Letters}, volume = {9}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Anthropogenically induced global climate change has profound implications for marine ecosystems and the economic and social systems that depend upon them. The relationship between temperature and individual performance is reasonably well understood, and much climate-related research has focused on potential shifts in distribution and abundance driven directly by temperature. However, recent work has revealed that both abiotic changes and biological responses in the ocean will be substantially more complex. For example, changes in ocean chemistry may be more important than changes in temperature for the performance and survival of many organisms. Ocean circulation, which drives larval transport, will also change, with important consequences for population dynamics. Furthermore, climatic impacts on one or a few leverage species may result in sweeping community-level changes. Finally, synergistic effects between climate and other anthropogenic variables, particularly fishing pressure, will likely exacerbate climate-induced changes. Efforts to manage and conserve living marine systems in the face of climate change will require improvements to the existing predictive framework. Key directions for future research include identifying key demographic transitions that influence population dynamics, predicting changes in the community-level impacts of ecologically dominant species, incorporating populations ability to evolve (adapt), and understanding the scales over which climate will change and living systems will respond.

}, keywords = {abundance, approche, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement, climate, community, distribution, dynamic, dynamique, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, fishing, impact, ocean, pH, population, research, species, structure, temperature, transport}, author = {C.D.G. Harley and K.M. Hultgren and A.R. Hughes and B.G. Miner and C.J.B. Sorte and C.S. Thornber and L.F. Rodriguez and L. Tomanek and S.L. Williams} } @article {256, title = {Impacts of different climate stabilisation scenarios on plant species in Europe}, journal = {Global Environmental Change}, volume = {16}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

With the use of goals from the Convention on Biological Diversity we evaluated two climate stabilisation profiles on their merits for conservation of biodiversity, comparing them with a baseline profile. Focusing on plant ecosystems at the pan-European level, we concluded that although a maximum global-mean temperature increase of 2 1C is likely to be met in a 550 ppmv CO2-equivalent stabilisation profile, large areas of ecosystems in Europe will be affected. Most of the impacts manifest themselves in northern countries, with a high net increase of plant species, and in Mediterranean countries, with a decrease in the number of plant species and stable area. Other impacts are less robust, given the regional variation in climate results for different climate models.

}, keywords = {analyse de sc{\'e}nario, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, biological diversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, climate model, conservation, convention, diversity, ecosystem, Europe, impact, mod{\`e}le climatique, mod{\'e}lisation, modelling, profil de stabilisation, scenario analysis, stabilisation profiles, temperature}, author = {Bakkenes and Eickhout and Alkemade} } @article {272, title = {La p{\^e}che de loisir dans le Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus}, year = {2006}, institution = {WWF-France}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN; Cape Creus Natural Park}, abstract = {

La p{\^e}che de loisir est une importante activit{\'e} de loisirs au Parc Naturel de Cap de Creus (M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e Nord occidentale, Catalogne, Espagne). Les p{\^e}cheurs de Cap de Creus peuvent utilisent diff{\'e}rentes techniques de p{\^e}che, parmi les quelles la p{\^e}che en bateau (surtout la canne

}, keywords = {Cape Creus, comparison, CPUE, economy, fish, fishery, fishery impact, gestion, impact, labridae, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, population, protected area, recreationnal fishery, r{\'e}serve marine, serranidae, Spain, sparidae, spear fishing, visitation, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {Cape Creus Natural Park} } @article {381, title = {Lignes directrices pour la cr{\'e}ation et la gestion des aires prot{\'e}g{\'e}es marines et c{\^o}ti{\`e}res de M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e}, year = {2006}, edition = {PNUE-PAM-RAC/SPA}, address = {Tunis}, abstract = {

Ces Lignes Directrices fourniront un mat\ériel de base de gestion et de formation pour les futurs travaux, non seulement pour les directeurs d\´AMP pr\ésents au cours de formation, mais aussi plus qu\´une centaine de directeurs d\´AMP des c\ôtes m\éditerran\éennes.Elles sont pr\évues pour l{\textquoteright}usage de tous ceux qui sont concern\és par la politique et la pratique des aires prot\ég\ées c\ôti\ères et marines, pas seulement pour le personnel sur le terrain mais \également pour les d\écideurs aux diff\érents niveaux du gouvernement, et autres acteurs tel que les ONG et les universitaires, et les agences de coop\ération internationale.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, biosphere reserve, category, coastal zone, communication, convention, Convention Biological Diversity, convention de Barcelone, ecology, education, establishment, formation, gestion, guidelines, history, indicator, legislative, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, methodology, monitoring, Natura 2000, network, planning, policy, protected area, protection, stakeholders, surveillance, threat, tourism activity, visitation, zoning}, author = {A. Lopez Ornat and J. Jime{\'e}ez P{\'e}rez and A. Portillo Navarro and E. Correas and D. Moreno Lampreave} } @article {323, title = {Management tool : Management guide for marine protected areas : Permanent ecological moorings / Outil de Gestion : Guide d{\textquoteright}aide}, year = {2006}, edition = {Port Cros National Park; WWF-MedPAN}, abstract = {

This guide summarizes key issues and shows the various choices available as well as being a technical guide.This guide will help in the choice of the most adapted ecological solution depending on the environment in question. It is divided into two main parts: the description of the major environments and the technical description of various permanent ecological moorings recommended.Five main categories of environments have been selected: Sand and mud, Pebbles and cobbles, Boulders and bedrock, Coralligenous formations, and Posidonia meadowsThe technical solutions include a description of the immersed parts (the ones laid on or pushed into the sea bed) and the parts at the surface without forgetting the connecting elements between the surface and the bottom.Ce guide aidera, en fonction du milieu consid{\'e}r{\'e},

}, keywords = {category, corraligenous, environment, formation, gestion, herbier, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, mooring, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, rocky shore, sand, seagrass}, author = {P. Francour and J-F. Magr{\'e}au and J.M. Cottalorda and J. Gratiot and P-A. Mannoni} } @article {331, title = {Management tool : Management guide for marine protected areas : Protocol to study and monitoring Pinna nobilis Populations within MPA / Outil de Gestion : Guide d{\textquoteright}aide}, year = {2006}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, abstract = {

The application of this protocol is intended to allow for baseline data to be gathered against which future monitoring data will be compared to demonstrate the effectiveness of protection measures within the MPA of Rdum il-Majjiesa to Ras ir-Raheb , and as a pilot project for the application of this protocol. Under the spirit of INTERREG IIIC and as a management tool, the protocol aims to be a tool applicable not only to the study of the evolution of Pinna nobilis populations in Rdum il-Majjiesa to Ras ir-Raheb , but also a tool ready to be used for the study of this species ecology and improve its protection in other MPAs.L{\textquoteright}application de ce protocole a pour but de rassembler des donn{\'e}es initiales auxquelles des donn{\'e}es de surveillance future seront compar{\'e}es afin de d{\'e}montrer l{\textquoteright}efficacit{\'e} des mesures de protection au sein de l{\textquoteright}AMP de Rdum il-Majjiesa

}, keywords = {AMP, eastern Mediterranean, effectiveness, gestion, Malta, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, monitoring, Pinna nobilis, population, protected area, protection, protection measure, Rdum Majjiesa and Ras ir-Raheb, surveillance}, author = {J-R. Garcia-Marsh and N., Vicente} } @article {400, title = {Marine climate change impacts - Annual Report Card 2006}, year = {2006}, note = {

Ce rapport concerne essentiellement le nord de l{\textquoteright}Europe, la M\éditerran\ée est \évoqu\ée

}, abstract = {

We are observing large changes in our marine environment that are driven in part by climate change and that are predicted to continue into the future. Mitigating and adapting to these changes will present significant challenges for decision makers. Providing sound scientific advice is an integral part of this process and is the primary goal of the Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership (MCCIP) and this, its first Annual Report Card (ARC). The UK has set out a vision for \"clean, safe, healthy, productive and biologically diverse oceans and seas\", yet as recently as2005, the Defra publication Charting Progress was unable to assess the potential impacts of climate change on the UK{\textquoteright}s marine environment. MCCIP has come together to inform key decision makers about these issues.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, climate, climate change, environment, Europe, impact, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, ocean, partnership}, url = {http://www.mccip.org.uk/}, author = {Marine Climate Change Impacts Partnership} } @article {346, title = {Marine reserves for the Mediterranean sea}, year = {2006}, edition = {Greenpeace International,}, address = {Amsterdam}, abstract = {

This Greenpeace report sets out the argument for the urgent establishment of a network of marine reserves across the Mediterranean Sea to safeguard its productivity, its marine life and its ecosystems for the many millions of people who rely on it for their health and wellbeing - now and in the future.The Mediterranean Sea is a rich and diverse environment, home to many unique species and important ecosystems. Being an enclosed sea, and the majority of the Mediterranean being beyond the control of any one country, it truly represents a shared resource - and a shared responsibility - for the region.The Mediterranean Sea is threatened by many damaging human impacts, including over-fishing, destructive fishing techniques, pollution and climate change. Steadily, these are degrading the shared resource and treasure that the Mediterranean Sea represents. A network of large scale marine reserves will represent a shift in the balance of human impacts, from damage and harm to protection and conservation. This network must cover a representative range of marine ecosystems, both in coastal waters and on the high seas. Greenpeace believes that in the face of the damage that has been done to the Mediterranean, this network of marine reserves must cover around 40\% of the Mediterranean Sea in order to protect it for generations to come. Because it is virtually enclosed and its habitats inter-connected, the Mediterranean Sea is a prime example of why marine management must take account of whole ecosystems, not single species or areas. A marine reserve network will create a sound basis upon which to build sustainable, precautionary and ecosystem-based management of the Mediterranean{\textquoteright}s marine resources.Experience of marine reserves elsewhere in the world has shown an increase in the number, size and diversity of species within the reserves. They therefore represent our most valuable tool in conserving biodiversity and making ecosystems more resilient to change or damage. This, combined with sustainable management, also brings benefits of precaution and insurance to fisheries management for the surrounding seas. Marine reserves also have many other positive benefits for science, education and recreation. Although agreements and commitments have been made at international, regional and national levels to protect the Mediterranean Sea, progress towards developing a network of marine reserves is still lacking. Agreements and commitments are meaningless without action, and action towards a network of marine reserves requires political will. Mediterranean countries must work together to protect the Mediterranean, our shared resource and treasure.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, climate, climate change, coastal water, conservation, habitat, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, menace, protection, r{\'e}serve marine}, author = {Greenpeace International} } @article {349, title = {Marine reserves reestablish lost predatory interactions and cause community changes in rocky reefs}, journal = {Ecological Applications}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

In the last decades, marine reserves have dramatically increased in number worldwide. Here I examined the potential of no-take marine reserves to reestablish lost predatory interactions and, in turn, cause community-wide changes in Mediterranean rocky reefs. Protected locations supported higher density and size of the most effective fish preying on sea urchins (the sea breams Diplodus sargus and D. vulgaris) than unprotected locations. Density of sea urchins (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula) was lower at protected than at unprotected locations. Size structure of P. lividus was bimodal (a symptom of predation on medium-sized urchins) only at the protected locations. Coralline barrens were less extended at protected than at unprotected locations, whereas turf-forming and erect-branched algae showed an opposite pattern. Erect-unbranched and erect-calcified algae and conspicuous zoobenthic organisms did not show any pattern related to protection. Tethering experiments showed that predation impact on urchins was (1) higher at protected than at unprotected locations, (2) higher on P. lividus than on A. lixula, and (3) higher on medium-sized (2-3.5 cm test diameter) than large-sized (.3.5 cm) urchins. Sea urchins preyed on by fish in natural conditions were smaller at unprotected than at protected locations. The analysis of sea urchin remains found in Diplodus fish stomachs revealed that medium-sized P. lividus were the most frequently preyed upon urchins and that size range of consumed sea urchins expanded with increasing size of Diplodus fish. These results suggest that (1) depletion and size reduction of predatory fish caused by fishing alter patterns of predation on sea urchins, and that (2) fishing bans (e.g., within no-take marine reserves) may reestablish lost interactions among strongly interactive species in temperate rocky reefs with potential community-wide effects.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, algae, Arbacia lixula, comparison, density, Diplodus fish, echinoderm, fish, impact, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, Paracentrotus lividus, predation, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, reefs, rocky shore, sea urchin, size, sparidae, Torre Guaceto, unprotected area, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {P. Guidetti} } @article {242, title = {A methodolical approach for the analysis of boating activity in the Marine Protected Area of Capo Carbonara}, journal = {Biol Mar Medit}, year = {2006}, chapter = {672}, abstract = {

A methodogical experience to study boating and sailing activities in order to identify zones that need specific management is described. The methodology used involves analysis of environmental data and anchoring pressure.

}, keywords = {anchoring, boating, Capo Carbonara, Italy, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, protected area, recreation, Sicilia, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {Agnesi and Di Nora and Mo and Tunesi} } @mastersthesis {268, title = {Mortalit{\'e}s massives d{\textquoteright}invert{\'e}br{\'e}s marins long{\'e}vives : impact et r{\'e}cup{\'e}ration des populations de gorgones rouges Paramuricea clavata en M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e Nord-Occidentale}, year = {2006}, school = {Station Marine d{\textquoteright}Endoume, Centre d{\textquoteright}Oc{\'e}anologie de Marseille}, keywords = {climate change, impact, mortalit{\'e}, Paramuricea clavata}, author = {Bianchimani} } @article {394, title = {Oceonagraphic habitat of an endangered Mediterranean procellariiform: implications for marine protected areas}, journal = {Ecological Applications}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) require ecologically meaningful designs capable of taking into account the particularities of the species under consideration, the dynamic nature of the marine environment, and the multiplicity of anthropogenic impacts. MPAs have been most often designated to protect benthic habitats and their biota. Increasingly, there is a need to account for highly mobile pelagic taxa, such as marine birds, mammals and turtles, and their oceanic habitats. For breeding seabirds foraging from a central place, particular attention should be paid to distant foraging grounds and movement corridors, which can often extend to hundreds of kilometers from breeding colonies. We assessed the habitat use by the most threatened Mediterranean seabird, the Balearic Shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus, using vessel-based surveys during the chick-rearing period (May-June). We used a hierarchical modeling approach to identify those environmental variables that most accurately reflected the oceanographic habitat of this species by (1) delineating its foraging range using presence/ absence data and (2) identifying important foraging grounds where it concentrates in dense aggregations. The foraging range comprised the frontal systems along the eastern Iberian continental shelf waters (depth ,200 m) and areas close to the breeding colonies in the Balearic Islands. Shearwaters aggregated in productive shelf areas with elevated chlorophyll a concentrations. Following the model of a core-buffer MPA, we envisioned those areas of dense aggregation (i.e., the area of influence of the Ebro River discharge and Cape La Nao regions) as the core regions deserving elevated protection and more stringent management. More diffuse protective measures would be applied within the larger buffer region, delineated by the foraging range of the species. Marine zoning measures can greatly benefit the conservation of the Balearic Shearwater and other far-ranging seabirds by extending protective measures beyond their breeding colonies during both the breeding and nonbreeding seasons.

}, keywords = {Balearic Islands, benefit, buffer zone, conservation, depth, design, environment, habitat, habitat modeling, impact, island, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, oceanography, protected area, protection, protection measure, Puffinus mauretanicus, sea bird, Spain, temporal heterogeneity, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {M. Louzao and D. Oro and L-G. De Sola and P. Abello and J-M. Arcos and K-D. Hyrenbach} } @book {269, title = {Pr{\'e}servation et conservation des herbiers}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

La Posidonie, Posidonia oceanica et les herbiers, qu{\textquoteright}elle constitue, sont devenus, au cours des derni\ères d\écennies, un objectif majeur de protection et de gestion du milieu marin, dans l{\textquoteright}ensemble de la M\éditerran\ée. Les auteurs \étudient les dif\érentes causes

}, keywords = {am{\`e}nagement, arts, balisage, canalisation, conservation, directive, effluent, herbier, l{\'e}gislation, liti{\`e}re, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mouillage, pisciculture, Posidonia, protection, r{\'e}gression, r{\^o}le, surveillance, vegetation}, author = {Boudouresque and Bernard and Bonhomme and Charbonnel and Diviacco and Meinesz and Pergent and Pergent-Martini and Ruitton and Tunesi} } @article {407, title = {Recreational fish feeding affects coastal fish behavior and increases frequency of predation on damselfish Chromis chromis nests}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Wildlife feeding has become an integral part of the range of activities offered to protected area visitors. In marine protected areas (MPAs), fish feeding may cause changes in the behavior, and thus the density and distribution, of coastal fish species. We evaluated spatial variability in human-positive fish behavior around the Ustica Island MPA (Italy) and the potential indirect effects of behavioral change on other species. Two mensurative experiments demonstrated that ca. 1/3 of the species present in fish-feeding areas exhibited human-positive behavior, losing instinctive fear in the presence of humans and encircling people in the water even when food was not provided. A manipulative experiment demonstrated that this behavioral response was learned rapidly. Damselfishes were negatively affected by the unnatural aggregation of a labrid species, as these aggregations frequently attacked and destroyed the benthic nests of the damselfish. Thus, fish feeding can have both direct and indirect effects. Therefore the MPA management goals need to be explicitly stated on a case-by-case basis. If the aim of a reserve is only to promote awareness of marine life and the benefits of conservation to the public, activities such as fish feeding may be regarded as desirable, since the human-positive behavior brought about by this activity guarantees a visual spectacle for visitors. Fish-feeding locations, however, cannot be regarded as natural and may reduce the effectiveness of a reserve for scientific research.

}, keywords = {assemblage, awareness, benefit, Chromis chromis, communication, conservation, Damselfishes, density, distribution, education, effectiveness, fish, fish-feeding, impact, island, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, predation, protected area, protection, research, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, author = {M. Milazzo and T-J. Willis and I. Anastasi} } @article {479, title = {Report of the eighth meeting of the parties to the convention on biological diversity / Rapport de la huiti{\`e}me r{\'e}union des parties }, year = {2006}, edition = {UNEP}, address = {Curitiba - Brazil}, keywords = {alien species, biodiversity, biosafety, Cartagena protocol, climate change, convention, cooperation, deep-sea, diversit{\'e} biologique, ecosystem approach, GEF, ICZM, protected area, public awareness, taxonomy}, author = {Secr{\'e}tariat de la Convention sur la diversit{\'e} biologique} } @article {345, title = {R{\'e}serves marines pour la mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e}, year = {2006}, edition = {Greenpeace International}, address = {Netherlands}, abstract = {

Le rapport de Greenpeace, {\guillemotleft} R{\'e}serves Marines pour la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e {\guillemotright}, argumente en faveur de la mise en place d{\textquoteright}un r{\'e}seau de r{\'e}serves marines dans la mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e pour pouvoir sauver sa productivit{\'e} en mati{\`e}re de biomasse, sa vie marine et ses {\'e}cosyst{\`e}mes pour le b{\'e}n{\'e}fice des millions de personnes qui en d{\'e}pendent, pour leur sant{\'e} et bien-{\^e}tre, maintenant et pour les g{\'e}n{\'e}rations futures.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, diversity, {\'e}tat, fishery, fishery impact, habitat, impact, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, network, policy, pollution, protection, r{\'e}seau, threat, tourism, value}, author = {Greenpeace} } @article {468, title = {Sea warming and fish distribution: the case of the small pelagic fish, Sardinella aurita, in the western Mediterranean}, journal = {Global Change Biology}, volume = {12}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

This study analyses the temporal and spatial changes in abundance and distribution of the warm water species round sardinella (Sardinella aurita) in the western Mediterranean over the last decades in relation to sea water temperature. In the western Mediterranean basin (1950-2003), a significant positive relationship was found between round sardinella landings and temperature anomalies. Along a latitudinal gradient off the Mediterranean Iberian coast (1989-2004), a gradual increase in species abundance was observed from south to north, with a certain time lag going northwards, associated with the increase in sea water temperature. The abundance of round sardinella in the two warmest and southernmost areas was positively and significantly correlated with sea surface temperature registered during the start of gonad maturation the previous year. In addition, the positive relationship established between water temperature and abundanceof round sardinella in the coldest and northernmost study area demonstrates that there is a temperature limit for the distribution of this species in the western Mediterranean. In addition, this study analyses round sardinella larvae distribution and abundance in the summers of 2003 and 2004, and conducts a comparison with the situation 20 years ago (summer 1983). Results show a marked increase in larval abundance during the last decades and the present appearance of larvae in the northernmost study areas, where they did not occur 20 years ago. This indicates the successful reproduction of round sardinella in the northern part of the Mediterranean, where the species has expanded, confirming its establishment in the area.

}, keywords = {abundance, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate change, d{\'e}rive septentrionale, distribution, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, Espagne, esp{\`e}ce d{\textquoteright}eau chaude, fish, long-term monitoring, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, northward shift, poisson, r{\'e}chauffement, reproduction, Sardinella aurita, sea water temperature, s{\'e}rie temporelle, Spain, species distribution, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, time serie, warm-water species, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. Sabat{\'e}s and P. Martin and J. Lloret and V. Raya} } @article {291, title = {Summer disease in Parazoanthus axinellae (Schmidt, 1862) (Cnidaria, Zoanthidea)}, journal = {Italian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {73}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

Climate change is affecting marine environments all over the world but scientists{\textquoteright} attention is mainly devoted to tropical areas. In the Mediterranean Sea, species with a cold affinity are decreasing very fast from 0 to 40m depth, while warm water species increase. From 2000, several populations of the zoanthid Parazoanthus axinellae (Schmidt 1882) have been showing signs of suffering along the Ligurian coast. Here we report a three-year monitoring, from June 2001 to September 2003, of a population of P. axinellae on the rocky cliff of the Portofino Promontory (Ligurian Sea). During this span of time the population, which covered an area of several square metres with a density of about 1 polypcm22, was severely reduced. In the meanwhile an encrusting sponge, Crambe crambe, rapidly colonized the free substrates abandoned by the zoanthid. Warm water and the massive proliferation of a cyanobacterium attributed to the genus Porphyrosiphon are hypothesized to be the main causes of this disease.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, cnidarian, cyanobact{\'e}rie, cyanobacterium, disease, global warming, Italie, Italy, Ligurian Sea, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer Ligure, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, mortalit{\'e} massive, north-western Mediterranean, Parazoanthus axinellae, pathogen, pathog{\`e}ne, Portofino, r{\'e}chauffement global, sponge, western Mediterranean}, author = {Cerrano and Totti and Sponga and Bavestrello} } @book {380, title = {Sustainable Financing Sources for Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Region / Sources de financement durables pour les aires prot{\'e}g{\'e}es de la R{\'e}gion M{\'e}diterran{\'e}enne / Sources de financement durables pour les aires prot{\'e}g{\'e}es de la R{\'e}gion M{\'e}diterran{\'e}enne}, year = {2006}, publisher = {The World Conservation Union (IUCN), UK in collaboration with Fundacion Biodiversidad and Agencia Espa?ola de Cooperacion Internacional of the Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperacion}, organization = {The World Conservation Union (IUCN), UK in collaboration with Fundacion Biodiversidad and Agencia Espa?ola de Cooperacion Internacional of the Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores y de Cooperacion}, address = {Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge}, abstract = {

This document reviews the degree to which these recommendations have been implemented in the region, and briefly identifies the most important financing actions relevant to PAs, particularly from cooperation agencies and the public sector.We also illustrate the development of pioneering tools, describing case studies occurring in our region. It was presented at the Conference as a background document, and completed thereafter with the presentations and discussions from the participants.Over recent decades wide range of PA financing mechanisms have been developed and extensive technical guidance on conservation finance has been made available(1,2). But this document does not describe or review any theory or lessons drawn from the practice on PA financial tools; it rather aims at assessing the extent of their implementation in the Mediterranean region.The broad PAs in Categories V-VI, usually allowing for multiple uses and sharing management responsibilities, require US$ 36 and US$ 120/ ha/year at sea. Categories I-IV (strictly protected and National Parks) require between over US$ 1000/ha/year in small marine parks. These preliminary figures suggest that the annual financial needs for PAs in the Mediterranean region would be in the range of US$ 1,147 - 3,820 million.Funding from the public sector remains largely insufficient to cover the basic needs of PAs in the Mediterranean.The regional average hides an enormous sub-regional disparity; the PAs in the EU receive 10 times as much (US$ 43 /ha) as those in the non-EU countries (US$ 4.5/ha).Le pr\ésent document examine le degr\é de mise en pratique des recommandations (adopt\ées par la septi\ème Conf\érence des Signataires (CDS VII, 2004) lors de la CDB, dans le cadre du Programme de Travail sur les Aires Prot\ég\ées (D\écision VII-28), puis rappel\ées et explicit\ées lors de la premi\ère R\éunion ad hoc sur les Aires Prot\ég\ées,

}, keywords = {AMP, business, category, conservation, cooperation, diversit{\'e} biologique, diversity, economic value, economy, ecosystem approach, financement, formation, GEF, gestion, impact, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, national park, partnership, planning, policy, protected area, protection, regulation, research, review, revision, stakeholders, tourism}, author = {A. Lopez Ornat and S. Jim{\'e}nez} } @article {444, title = {Tourist perception of recreational environment and management in a marine protected area}, journal = {Landscape and Urban Planning}, volume = {79}, year = {2006}, abstract = {

A person{\textquoteright}s socio-economic status, cultural ties, and past experiences influence how people perceive environmental quality. In the case of tourism,people using protected areas can differ in many ways, including their personal characteristics and perception about the recreation environment. This research addresses the general problem of tourist perception in a marine protected area (MPA), focusing on tourists{\textquoteright} awareness of being in a MPA, tourists{\textquoteright} opinion on management activities, the importance of natural attractiveness components, tourists{\textquoteright} satisfaction with recreational experience and willingness to come back, and on tourists{\textquoteright} awareness of their environmental impacts. Data were collected by means of questionnaires, and statistical analyses were performed according to four main variables: awareness to be in a MPA, gender, education level, and place of residence. Answers, and consequently, perceptions were highly dependent on education level and the place of residence, and surprisingly the unaware tourists came from neighbouring municipalities, in particular from the province of Brindisi where the MPA is located. This research put in evidence that a different perception can be due to environmental and park related attitudes, but also to the profile of visitors who frequent protected areas. In this respect, we stress the importance of a better identification of visitors{\textquoteright} profile, for a better management of tourism development in a MPA.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, awareness, conservation, education, environment, impact, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, perception, protected area, recreation, recreational ecosystem services, research, sustainable development, sustainable tourism, Torre Guaceto, tourism, tourist{\textquoteright}s perception, visitation, visitor{\textquoteright}s profil, western Mediterranean}, author = {I. Petrosillo and M. Dadamo and N. Zaccarelli and M-E. Corliano and G. Zurlini} } @proceedings {516, title = {Workshop proceedings N{\textdegree}3 : Mediterranean MPAs and sustainable managment of tourism / Actes de l{\textquoteright}atelier N{\textdegree}3 : AMP et gestion durable du tourisme}, year = {2006}, publisher = {WWF-MedPAN}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, address = {Collioure, France et Estartit, Spain}, abstract = {

The sustainable management if tourism was identified as one of the priority issues by the managers of MPA in the Mediterranean within the framework of the MedPAN project.The aim of the workshop was to discuss this issue and to encourage exchange of experiences on the sibject, particulary as regards the following aspects :- Planning of tourism development- Spreading out the tourist season- Monitoring visitation and its impacts on the environment- Use of charters and regulations to manage uses- Management of different types of tourist activities- Carrying capacity- Spin-off economic benefits for the local surrounding areaIn presenting the proceedings of this workshop our aim is to provide a global biew of the pratices adopted in Mediterranean MPAs. This compilation the most signicant excerpts from presentations grouped together in 4 parts:1- An overall view of tourism in Mediterranean MPAs and a general introduction to tourism planning in the MPAs.2- The establishment and the maangement of sustainable tourism activities illustrated by several case studies from within the MedPAN network3- Planning of tourism development discussed in working groups.4- Vistor management and the concept of carrying capacity debated in working groups.La gestion durable du tourisme est l{\textquoteright}un des enjeux proritaires identifi\és par les gestionnaires d{\textquoteright}AMP en M\éditerran\ée dans le cadre du projet MedPAN.Ceta telier avait pour objectif de d\ébattre de cet enjeu et de favoriser les \échanges d{\textquoteright}exp\érience en la mati\ère, notamment sur les points suivants:- Plannification du developpement touristique- Etalement de la saison touristique- Suivi de la fr\équentation et de ses impacts sur l{\textquoteright}environnement- Usage des chartes et de la r\églementation dans la gestion des usages- Gestion diff\érentes des activit\és touristiques- Capacit\é de charge- Retomb\ées \économique sur le territoire localNotre but

}, keywords = {AMP, benefit, carrying capacity, charte, environment, establishment, gestion, impact, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, network, planning, recreation, regulation, r{\'e}seau, sustainable tourism, tourism, tourism activity, visitation}, author = {WWF-MedPAN} } @proceedings {517, title = {Workshop proceedings N{\textdegree}5 : Sustainable management of fisheries and surveillance in the marine protected areas in the Mediterranean / Actes des ateliers MedPAN : Gestion durable de la p{\^e}che et surveillance dans les aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es des M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e}, year = {2006}, publisher = {WWF-France}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, address = {Bonifacio}, abstract = {

Sustainable management of fisheries and surveillance are priority issues identified by the management of Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas within the scope of the MedPAN project. The objective of this workshop was therefore to debate this issue in the presence of several representatives of fisheries from the northern and southern Mediterranean. It was also to encourage an exchange of experiences on this theme, notably on the following points :- consensus building with fishermen (professional and amateur) and the usefulness of adaptive management ;- tools for scientific monitoring of fisheries management ;- l{\textquoteright}organisation de la surveillance et la collaboration avec les autorit\és comp\étentes ;- organisation of surveillance and cooperation with competent authorities ;- how to optimise the efficiency of surveillance ?In doing so, this collection presents the most significant extracts of the presentations, assembled in three sections :1. an overview of the sustainable management of fisheries in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas from the viewpoint of the fisherman, the manager and the expert, in both the north and south of the Mediterranean; this is illustrated with examples addressing the following themes debated in the working groups :a. consensus building with fishermen (professional and amateur) and the usefulness of adaptive management ;b. tools for scientific monitoring of fisheries management ;2. surveillance in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas, a theme developed in working groups through the following approaches :a. organisation of surveillance and cooperation with competent authorities ;b. how to optimise the efficiency of surveillance ?3. overall working conclusions from the viewpoint of the two following themes :a. the future of fisheries from the perspective of sustainable development ;b. the role of Marine Protected Areas in support of traditional small-scale fishing.La gestion durable de la p\êche et la surveillance sont des enjeux prioritaires identifi\és par les gestionnaires d{\textquoteright}aires marines prot\ég\ées de M\éditerran\ée dans le cadre du projet MedPAN. Cet atelier avait donc pour objectif de d\ébattre sur cet enjeu, en pr\ésence de plusieurs repr\ésentants de p\êcheurs du nord et du sud de la M\éditerran\ée et de favoriser les \échanges d{\textquoteright}exp\ériences en la mati\ère, notamment sur les points suivants :- la concertation avec les p\êcheurs (professionnels et amateurs) et l{\textquoteright}utilit\é de la gestion adaptative ;- les outils de suivi scientifique de la gestion de la p\êche ;- l{\textquoteright}organisation de la surveillance et la collaboration avec les autorit\és comp\étentes ;- comment optimiser l{\textquoteright}efficacit\é de la surveillance ?Ainsi, ce recueil pr\ésente les extraits les plus significatifs des pr\ésentations regroup\ées selon trois parties :1. une vue d{\textquoteright}ensemble sur la gestion durable de la p\êche dans les aires marines prot\ég\ées de M\éditerran\ée avec le point de vue du p\êcheur, du gestionnaire et de l{\textquoteright}expert, tant au nord qu{\textquoteright}au sud de la M\éditerran\ée, illustr\ée d{\textquoteright}exemples traitant des th\èmes suivants d\ébattus en groupes de travail a. concertation avec les p\êcheurs (professionnels et amateurs) et utilit\é de la gestion adaptative ;b. outils de suivi scientifique de la gestion de la p\êche ;2. la surveillance dans les aires marines prot\ég\ées de M\éditerran\ée, th\ème d\évelopp\é en groupes de travail

}, keywords = {adaptative management, concertation, cooperation, fishery, gestion, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, protected area, r{\^o}le, surveillance, sustainable development}, author = {WWF-MedPAN} } @article {367, title = {Adapting to climate change: is there scope for ecological management in the face of a global threat?}, journal = {Journal of Applied Ecology}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Climate change is recognized as a major threat to the survival of species and integrity of ecosystems world-wide. Although considerable research has focused on climate impacts, relatively little work to date has been conducted on the practical application of strategies for adapting to climate change. Adaptation strategies should aim to increase the flexibility in management of vulnerable ecosystems, enhance the inherent adaptability of species and ecosystem processes, and reduce trends in environmental and social pressures that increase vulnerability to climate variability.Knowledge of the specific attributes of climate change likely to impact on species or habitats is central to any adaptive management strategy. Temperature is not the only climate variable likely to change as a result of anthropogenic increases in greenhouse gases. In some regions changes in precipitation, relative humidity, radiation, wind speed and/or potential evapotranspiration may be more marked than for temperature.Uncertainty exists in the response of species and ecosystems to a given climate scenario. While climate will have a direct impact on the performance of many species, for others impacts will be indirect and result from changes in the spatiotemporal availability of natural resources. In addition, mutualistic and antagonistic interactions among species will mediate both the indirect and direct effects of climate change.Approaches to predict species{\textquoteright} responses to climate change have tended to address either changes in abundance with time or in spatial distribution. While correlative models may provide a good indication of climate change impacts on abundance, greater understanding is generated by models incorporating aspects of life history, intra- and interspecific competition and predation. Models are especially sensitive to the uncertainty inherent in future climate predictions, the complexity of species{\textquoteright} interactions and the difficulties in parameterizing dispersal functions. Model outputs that have not been appropriately validated with real data should be treated with caution.Synthesis and applications. While climate impacts may be severe, they are often exacerbated by current management practices, such as the construction of sea defences, flood management and fire exclusion. In many cases adaptation approaches geared to safeguard economic interests run contrary to options for biodiversity conservation. Increased environmental variability implies lower sustainable harvest rates and increased risks of population collapse. Climate change may significantly reduce habitat suitability and may threaten species with limited dispersal ability. In these cases, wellplanned species translocations may prove a better option than management attempts to increase landscape connectivity. Mathematical models, long-term population studies, natural experiments and the exploitation of natural environmental gradients provide a sound basis for further understanding the consequences of climate change.

}, keywords = {abundance, adaptation, adaptation strategy, biodiversity, climate, climate change, conservation, distribution, ecosystem, habitat, history, impact, interaction, landscape, management, research, risk, temperature, threat, trend, vulnerability, wind}, author = {P.E. Hulme} } @article {406, title = {Cascading human impacts, marine portected areas, and the structure of Mediterranean reef assemblages}, journal = {Ecological Monographs}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Coastal marine assemblages are shaped by interactions between physical factors, biological interactions, and almost ubiquitously, human impacts. Large-scale manipulations of human access replicated over a range of physical and biological conditions can generate insights over the processes shaping marine assemblages. We examined the relative roles of human impacts and hydrographic conditions on assemblages of shallow (3-10 m depth) rocky reefs by comparing no-take reserves with fishing areas occurring in gradients of exposure of the coastline to dominant winds and waves around two Mediterranean islands, Capraia and Giannutri, Italy. We hypothesized that fishing influences assemblages directly by reducing populations of target fish species, and indirectly by reducing predation on sea urchins, intensifying herbivory, and causing {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}barrens{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} of encrusting coralline algae. We examined how the possible effects of fishing varied with physical exposure of the coastline.The composition of fish assemblages differed significantly between sites within no-take reserves and fished reference sites. Abundances and sizes of predatory fishes targeted by local fisheries were greater in no-take reserves than in fished areas. Sea urchin densities, the extent of coralline barrens, and the structure of the algal and invertebrate benthic assemblages showed clear variation associated with exposure of the coastline to dominant winds and waves, but weak effects of protection from human use. Densities of the black sea urchin Arbacia lixula were significantly greater along the windward than along the leeward sides of the islands, and were positively correlated with the extent of coralline barrens. In contrast, the purple sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus was more abundant along the leeward sides of islands and showed indirect responses to protection at Giannutri, where purple sea urchins tended to have greater densities at fished than at protected sites. Protection from fishing influenced fish assemblages directly, and benthic assemblages indirectly, but the latter effect was observed only at sites with lower physical exposure. Indirect effects of fishing and recovery of assemblages within marine protected areas through cascading trophic interactions are likely to vary depending on local physical conditions and on the characteristics of species that are locally dominant.

}, keywords = {algae, Arbacia lixula, assemblage, benthic assemblage, Capraia, coastal zone, comparison, density, depth, echinoderm, fish, fish assemblage, fishery, fishery impact, Giannutri, human impact, impact, invertebrate, island, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, Paracentrotus lividus, population, predation, protected area, protection, reefs, r{\^o}le, sea urchin, size, trophic cascad, western Mediterranean}, author = {F. Micheli and F. Romano and G. Chato Osio and C. Borsini and I. Bertocci and S. Gambaccini and L. Benedetti-Cecchi} } @article {362, title = {Climate change and marine plankton}, journal = {Trends in Ecology \& Evolution}, volume = {20}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Understanding how climate change will affect the planet is a key issue worldwide. Questions concerning the pace and impacts of climate change are thus central to many ecological and biogeochemical studies, and addressing the consequences of climate change is now high on the list of priorities for funding agencies. Here, we review the interactions between climate change and plankton communities, focusing on systematic changes in plankton community structure, abundance, distribution and phenology over recent decades. We examine the potential socioeconomic impacts of these plankton changes, such as the effects of bottom-up forcing on commercially exploited fish stocks (i.e. plankton as food for fish). We also consider the crucial roles that plankton might have in dictating the future pace of climate change via feedback mechanisms responding to elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. An important message emerges from this review: ongoing plankton monitoring programmes worldwide will act as sentinels to identify future changes in marine ecosystems.

}, keywords = {abundance, approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, community structure, distribution, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, fish, fish stock, impact, interaction, monitoring, ph{\'e}nologie, phenology, plancton, plankton, species distribution, stock de poisson, structure des communaut{\'e}s}, author = {G.C. Hays and A.J. Richardson and C. Robinson} } @article {504, title = {Climate change, small island developing states}, year = {2005}, note = {

La situation m\éditerran\éenne est \évoqu\ée

}, edition = {Climate Change Secretariat}, address = {Bonn}, abstract = {

\"Since the negotiations that led to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change began, one group of Parties has been particularly active and vocal: the small island developing States, or SIDS.Why is climate change so important to SIDS? The answer is simple: these small nations are among the most vulnerable to climate change impacts, which will become critical if no appropriate action is taken. Many islands are threatened by rising sea levels. Another growing concern is the increasing number and severity of extreme weather events-with all they entail in terms of loss of life and damage to property and infrastructure that can easily cripple small economies. SIDS are among the Parties least responsible for climate change and are dependent on others to ensure that significant action is taken in support of the Convention. Consequently, they strive not only to support the process directly but also to ensure that proper international action istaken to limit emissions of greenhouse gases and to adapt to climate change.This publication highlights the SIDS{\textquoteright} participation in the Convention as well as some of the ongoing needs and concerns that they have expressed in the course of the UNFCCC process.\"

}, keywords = {changement climatique, climate, climate change, climate extreme event, convention, {\'e}v{\`e}nement climatique extr{\^e}m, hausse du niveau de la mer, impact, petite {\^\i}le, r{\'e}chauffement, sea level rise, small island, warming}, author = {UNFCCC} } @article {324, title = {Conservation of Mediterranean seascapes: analyses of existing protection schemes}, journal = {Marine Environmental Research}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are aimed at managing and protecting marine environments.Their design, however, often disregards both a thorough knowledge of the distribution of habitats and assemblages and the use of proper experimental evaluations of the efficacy of MPAs by comparing protected vs. unprotected zones. About 200 MPAs have been recently instituted in the Mediterranean area, but the evidence of their efficacy is scant. The MPA of Torre Guaceto (Southern Adriatic Sea, Italy) is one of the rare cases of effective protection enforcement. The reserve was instituted more than 10 years ago, a period currently considered as sufficient to show responses by organisms to protection. The MPA is divided into a C zone, the general reserve, where many activities are permitted, a B zone, the partial reserve where restrictions increase and two A zones, the integral reserve where access is prohibited. The goals of the paper were to map the distribution of benthic assemblages to assess if they were properly represented in the differently protected zones, and to test the efficacy of protection by quantifying possible differences between the assemblages in two control areas and in the two A zones, where human impact is completely excluded. The analysis of habitat and assemblage distribution within the MPA showed that the zones with total protection do not include most valuable environmental types. Most of the considered variables (i.e. cover of substratum, number of taxa, and average abundance of the most common taxa) were not significantly different in and out of the A zones, at each time of sampling. Results, however, suggested a possible effect of protection in modifying patterns of abundance of sponges under Cystoseira canopy (more abundant in the fully protected zone). In the subtidal habitat, differences were found in the structure of the whole assemblage and in the abundance of encrusting coralline red algae (more abundant outside the fully protected area). Notwithstanding the correct general methodology employed in the study, a lack of statistical power could have a role in preventing the detection of ecologically relevant effects of protection. In some instances, data pooling allowed a discrimination between cases where there was clearly no effect of protection and cases where there might be. On this basis, the optimization of this experimental design should be considered in further studies. In any case, if the goals of MPAs have not been clearly stated, efficacy of protection might prove very difficult to test even with the use of sound experimental designs.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, algae, assemblage, benthic assemblage, benthos, biodiversity, conservation, Cystoseira, Cystoseira canopy, design, distribution, enforcement, environment, GIS assessment, habitat, human impact, impact, integral reserve, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, rocky shore, Torre Guaceto, western Mediterranean}, author = {S. Fraschetti and F. Boero and A. Terlizzi and S. Bussotti and G. Guarnieri and P. D{\textquoteright}Ambrosio} } @article {438, title = {Designing indicators for assessing the effects of marine protected areas on coral reef ecosystems: A multidisciplinary standpoint}, journal = {Aquatic Living Ressources}, volume = {18}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

The present paper aims at identifying and assessing indicators of the effects of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in coral reef regions, based on a bibliography review in ecology, economics and social sciences. First the various effects studied within each of these domains and the variables used to measure them were censused. Potential ecological indicators were assessed through their link with the question used (here termed \"relevance\") and their \"effectiveness\" which encompasses the issues of precision, accuracy and statistical power. Relevance and effectiveness were respectively measured by the frequency of use of each indicator and the proportion of significant results in the reviewed articles. For social and economic effects, the approach was not possible due to the low number of references; we thus discussed the issue of finding appropriate indicators for those fields. Results indicate: 1- the unbalance in literature between disciplines; 2- the need for protocols and methodologies which include controls in order to assess MPA effects; 3- an important proportion of ecological indicators with low effectiveness; 4- the large number of ecological effects still not studied or not demonstrated at present.

}, keywords = {conflict, ecological indicator, ecology, economic effect, economy, ecosystem, effectiveness, fish, fishery, impact, indicator, invertebrate, management, marine protected area, methodology, perception, protected area, protection effectiveness, review, social effect, socioeconomic aspects}, author = {D. Pelletier and M. Amand and J. Claudet and Y. Letourneur and O. Th{\'e}baud and J. Ferraris and G. David and M. Kulbicki and J-A. Garcia-Charton and R. Galzin} } @article {436, title = {Effects of climate, invasive species and anthropogenic impacts on the growth of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in Liguria (NW Mediterranean Sea)}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {50}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Eight shallow water Posidonia oceanica meadows were sampled in June 1999 along 300 km of the Ligurian coast and were compared through shoot density and lepidochronology. The growth of the seagrass was examined in the light of climate fluctuations and local stresses, colonisation by alien, invasive alga Caulerpa taxifolia, and effects of the oil spill from the tanker {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Haven{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}, and other anthropogenic impacts. Both shoot density and lepidochronology pointed to a generalised state of regression of all the meadows. The analysis of long-term growth curves of the rhizomes showed a positive trend parallel to the increase of air temperature. Two main groups of meadows were individuated on the basis of growth curve similarity. The first included four meadows, namely Ventimiglia, Imperia, Noli and Prelo, that were characterised by average values of rhizome growth of 8-9.1 mm year1 and shoot density greater than 200 shoots m2. Although the Imperia meadow was the only one where the alien invasive alga C. taxifolia was found, it did not show differences for rhizome growth in comparison to the other meadows. The second group was formed by meadows that had suffered past anthropogenic impacts: Arenzano and Monterosso al Mare. They showed higher rhizome growth rates (9.4-10.6 mm year1) and shoot densities between 200 and 100 shoots m2. At Arenzano, where {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}Haven{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} oil was stranded in April 1991, no rhizome older than 8 years was found, thus confirming the shoot mortality induced by the oil spill event. The two last meadows exhibited growth curves very different from all the others: Portovenere, is a shallow meadow where P. oceanica merely survives in an extremely degraded situation with highest rhizome growth rate (12 mm year1), the other, Riva Trigoso, is the only meadow implanted on rock and had the lowest growth rates (7.1 mm year1).

}, keywords = {alga, alien species, changement climatique, climate, climate change, esp{\`e}ce invasive, impact, Italie, Italy, Ligurian Sea, meadow, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer Ligure, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, oil spill, phan{\'e}rogame marine, Posidonia oceanica, sea water temperature, seagrass, shallow water, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, trend, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. Peirano and V. Damasso and M. Montefalcone and C. Morri and C.N. Bianchi} } @article {409, title = {Effects of fish feeding by snorkellers on the density and size distribution of fishes in a Mediterranean marine protected area}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Although there is a great deal of evidence to show that supplementary feeding by humans in terrestrial environments causes pronounced changes in the distribution and behaviour of wild animals, at present very little is known about the potential for such effects on marine fish. This study evaluated the consequences of feeding by snorkellers on fish assemblages in the no-take area of the Ustica Island marine protected area (MPA; western Mediterranean) by (1) determining if reef fish assemblage structure is affected in space and time by tourists feeding the fish; (2) assessing the effects of feeding on the abundance of the most common fish species; and (3) assessing the effects of feeding on the size structure of the two most numerically dominant ones. In particular, we hypothesised that both the abundance and the size structure of some fish species would increase at the study site following supplementary feeding, since the additional food provided by humans would make the site more appealing to them. Fish feeding influenced the fish assemblages within the Ustica MPA, and significant spatio-temporal changes occurred. While fish feeding appeared to have no effect on the ornate wrasse Thalassoma pavo, there was a noticeable increase in the number of Oblada melanura and Epinephelus marginatus in the impacted location after feeding. It is very likely that aggregations of fishes that evolve as a result of fish feeding by the public may have negative effects on local populations of fishes and invertebrates that make up their prey. Recreational use of coastal areas and MPAs is increasing elsewhere, making fish feeding a generalised human activity. Accurate information about its effect on the fish assemblage is essential to make responsible management decisions.

}, keywords = {assemblage, decision making, density, distribution, dusky, environment, Epinephelus marginatus, fish, fish assemblage, fish-feeding, human impact, impact, invertebrate, island, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, Oblada melanura, population, protected area, recreation, reef fish assemblage, serranidae, size, spatial heterogeneity, temporal heterogeneity, Thalassoma pavo, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, author = {M. Milazzo and R. Chemello and T. Vega Fernandez and F. Badalamenti} } @article {439, title = {Effects of fishing protection on the genetic structure of fish populations}, journal = {Biological Conservation}, volume = {129}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Marine reserves have been identified as an important tool in the management of fishery resources and their number is increasing rapidly, most of them being on islands. However, knowledge on the real effect of protection from fishing on the genetic structure of populations, the spatial scales involved, or the suitability of islands as reserves in terms of connectivity, is scarce. This paper analyses the effects of fishery protection on the genetic structure of populations of Diplodus sargus, a target species, in protected and non-protected areas of the western Mediterranean. Populations studied showed high genetic variability at spatial scales from 101 to 103 km. Protected areas have significantly higher allelic richness. The lower levels of heterozygosis and higher heterozygote deficit showed by islands compared with coastal areas makes clear the importance of considering the connectivity processes when designing a MPA.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, connectivity, conservation, Diplodus sargus, fish, fishery, France, island, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, population, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, scale, Spain, sparidae, Tabarca, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and J-A. Garcia-Charton and C. Marcos and P. Lenfant and M. Gonzalez-Wang{\"u}emert} } @article {350, title = {Evaluating the effects of protection on fish predators and sea urchins in shallow artificial rocky habitats: a case study in the northern Adriatic Sea}, journal = {Marine Environmental Research}, year = {2005}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, assemblage, density, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, echinoderm, fish, fish density, fishery, habitat, Italy, landscape, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Miramare, Paracentrotus lividus, population, predation, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, rocky shore, sea urchin, size, sparidae, Sparus aurata, western Mediterranean}, author = {P. Guidetti and F. Boero and S. Bussotti} } @article {494, title = {A GIS-Based Decision -Suport Tool for Zoning Italian Marine Protected Areas}, journal = {Impact 2005}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Italian Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are multiple objective, aiming to ensure environmental conservation and the sustainable use of marine and coastal resources. Italy has established 22 national MPAs and 28 more are foreseen by law. This national MPA system requires a standardised design approach. Zoning is the first tool applied to regulate human activities, focusing on conservation and the separation of usage conflicts. A multiple-use zoning should provide high protection to noteworthy natural areas and identify suitable zones for environmentally sustainable activities. ICRAM has conceived a specific GIS-Decision Support Tool (GIS-DST) as support to the Italian Ministry of Environment in the zoning of MPAs. This tool provides a comprehensible, reasonable and repeatable analysis process which clearly displays the final results. The GIS-DST integrates the following guidelines: the zoning plan must be of straightforward application; fragmentation among the zones must be minimal; boundaries must be based on easily identifiable land based points of reference; levels of protection must decrease progressively from maximum protection to unrestricted zones. The GIS-DST is conceived to assist decision makers in identifying priorities and facilitating the relations with the stakeholders. This tool delineates a comprehensive picture of all the environmental and socio-economic values and of their relative importance and helps the exchange of views with the stakeholders by clearly visualising the priorities and values.

}, keywords = {boundary, conflict, conservation, design, environment, GIS, guidelines, Italy, law, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, natural area, protected area, protection, stakeholders, value, western Mediterranean, zoning, zoning plan}, author = {L. Tunesi and G. Mo and T. Di Nora and S. Agnesi} } @article {292, title = {Global change effects on crop photosynthesis and production in Mediterranean: the case of Crete, Greece}, journal = {Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment}, volume = {106}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

plants will be different for each region depending on the pre-existing climatic conditions and the adaptation potential of local cultivated species. In Crete, an island with typical Mediterranean climate, high temperatures and lack of rainfall during summer are the most important factors determining productivity of tree crops. Meteorological data and predictive models of climate change indicate that the annual mean temperature of the island has already increased by 0.3 8C in the past two decades and will further increase in the future. Moreover, summer precipitation will be lower and the frequency of extreme climatic phenomena, like heat waves, will increase. Consequently, the combination of reduced rainfall and increased temperature will impose higher evapotranspiration losses, increasing the water stress problems of cultivated crops, while the reduction in the availability of irrigation water of good quality will increase the use of saline water and augment the already existing problem of salinity in the island. Therefore, cultivated species in Crete, and the Eastern Mediterranean region in general, will have to grow in a hotter, drier and, in some cases, more saline environment. In this report, the possible effects of increased temperature, UV-B radiation and reduced precipitation on the typical agricultural crops of the area are discussed, based on the current knowledge about the effects of climate change on plant photosynthesis and productivity. Special consideration is accounted to the negative effects that may counterbalance the benefits of higher photosynthetic rates and water use efficiency introduced by the future increase in atmospheric CO2 concentration.

}, keywords = {changement climatique, changement global, climate, climate change, climate model, Crete, crop productivity, eastern Mediterranean, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, global change, Gr{\`e}ce, Greece, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, mod{\`e}le climatique, mod{\'e}lisation, modelling, photosynth{\`e}se, photosynthesis, production des r{\'e}coltes, salinity, temperature}, author = {Chartzoulakis and Psarras} } @article {289, title = {Gorgonian population recovery after a mass mortality event}, journal = {Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems}, volume = {15}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

1. Mass mortality events are becoming more common all over the world, both in tropical and temperate seas. An extensive mortality occurred in the Mediterranean Sea in 1999, affecting many benthic species, mainly sponges and gorgonians.2. The recovery of a population of the sea fan Paramuricea clavata, for a period of 3 yr, from 1999 to 2002, was studied by both line transects and fixed frames. The average size of the coloniesdecreased, indicating a size-dependent mortality episode, but their density, as a result of successful recruitment, was not altered after 3 yr.3. P. clavata showed three recovery patterns: (i) sexual reproduction, (ii) coenenchyme regeneration and (iii) fragmentation of affected branches. Moreover, the growth rates of small colonies varied in the different years. The sex ratio of the population was also altered, with females being more affected than males; the population studied showed a significant male bias (3.3:1, n \¼ 150), varying greatly from the typical sex ratio (1:1) previously recorded in the same population before the mass mortality event.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, dynamique des populations, gorgonaire, gorgonian, gu{\'e}rison, Italie, Italy, Ligurian Sea, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer Ligure, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, Paramuricea clavata, population dynamic, Portofino, Punta del Faro, recovery, sponge, western Mediterranean}, author = {Cerrano and Arillo and Azzini and Calcinai and Castellano and Mutti and Valisano and Zega and Bavestrello} } @book {493, title = {Guidelines for Biodiversity Assessment and Monitoring for Protected Areas}, year = {2005}, publisher = {The King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation, Nepal and the UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK}, organization = {The King Mahendra Trust for Nature Conservation, Nepal and the UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre, Cambridge, UK}, address = {Nepal}, abstract = {

Biodiversity assessment and monitoring in protected areas is normally, and most appropriately, carried out as part of a management planning process. It is therefore suggested that these guidelines are read and used in conjunction with appropriate guidance on management planning within protected areas. However, in some protected areas, management plans may not have been prepared, or may not deal with biodiversity issues in detail. Some advice is therefore given in Chapter 2 on key aspects of management planning so that biodiversity assessments can be carried out and monitoring programmes established in the absence of a detailed biodiversity management plan.An introduction to biodiversity assessments, with emphasis on participatory approaches is given in Chapter 3, however, it is beyond the scope of these guidelines to give detailed practical advice on this subject, and therefore the reader is directed to some recommended references for further information.Chapter 4 provides guidance on the key practical considerations and decisions involved in establishing a protected area monitoring programme. This primarily focuses on issues concerned with selecting field methods and survey sampling strategies that would be carried out by trained staff or contractors. However, many of the key principles, such as those associated with sampling, may also be applicable to participatory approaches (e.g. selection of sample villages for holding interviews). The chapter includes some brief advice on statistical analysis of monitoring data, but again this subject is too large to deal with in detail here.

}, keywords = {assessment, awareness, biodiversity, boundary, communication, decision making, establishment, guidelines, management, methodology, monitoring, partnership, planning, protected area, selection, staff, stakeholders}, author = {N-R. Chapagain and G. Tucker and P. Bubb and M. De Heer and L. Miles and A. Lawrence and S. Bajracharya and R-C. Nepal and R. Sherchan} } @article {453, title = {How is your MPA doing? A methodology for evaluating the management effectiveness of marine protected areas}, journal = {Ocean and Coastal Management}, volume = {48}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Effective management of marine protected area (MPAs) requires continuous feedback of information to achieve objectives. In 2000, a collaborative initiative was launched to improve the management of MPAs. The initiative focused on working with managers, planners, and other decision-makers to develop a set of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of MPA use. This initiative was aimed at both enhancing the potential and capability for adaptive management of MPAs, as well as improving our understanding of how effective MPAs that are now being used around the world. This paper presents an overview of the MPA management effectiveness methodology and indicators, summary results of the testing phase of the guidebook at 18 MPAs around the world, and considerations for its application and use as an adaptive management tool for MPAs.

}, keywords = {effectiveness, indicator, management, management tool, marine protected area, methodology, protected area, protection effectiveness, review}, author = {R-S. Pomeroy and G-A. Cid and J-E. Parks and L-M. Watson} } @article {387, title = {Immediate and delayed effects of a mass mortality event on gorgonian population dynamics and benthic community structure in the NW Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, volume = {305}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

In the boreal summer of 1999, many invertebrates of hard-bottom communities in the NW Mediterranean Sea suffered mass mortality. Our study assessed the population of the temperate octocoral Paramuricea clavata before the event and monitored the population over the following 4 yr. Spatial patterns showed decreasing mortality with increasing depth between 0 and 50 m, as well as high local variability. The temporal pattern was characterized by a sharp decrease in biomass (58\%) shortly after the event caused by the combined effect of colony death (9\% of the population) and an increase in the extent of colony injury (from 9\% before the event to 52\% shortly after it). After 4 yr of monitoring, our results indicated a large delayed effect of the event. Population density decreased continuously after November 1999, and by the completion of the study in November 2003 the accumulated density decrease was 48\% of the initial population. This decrease was mainly due to the death of colonies subjected to extensive injury, and because recruitment did not offset mortality. After November 1999, biomass continued to decrease at a slow rate, becoming almost constant after November 2001. Overall, the delayed effect of the event accounted for a 70\% loss in P. clavata biomass. The fact that a stabilization of the density and biomass of this species was observed during the last year of our study suggests that the delayed impact of the 1999 mass mortality event may be nearing its end. Nevertheless, given the low dynamics of P. clavata and its role as a habitat former, the delayed effect of the mass mortality event indicates the relevant role that disturbance can play on the population dynamics of this species and as a community structuring force on the coralligenous community.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, community structure, corallig{\`e}ne, coralligenous community, dynamic, dynamique, dynamique des populations, France, gorgonaire, gorgonian, habitat, hard bottom, Ile de Port-Cros, impact, injury, invertebrate, invert{\'e}br{\'e}, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, Paramuricea clavata, population density, population dynamic, Port-Cros Island, Provence, structure des communaut{\'e}s, western Mediterranean}, author = {C. Linares and R. Coma and D. Diaz and M. Zabala and B. Hereu and L. Dantart} } @article {278, title = {Marine Protected Areas a tool for coastal areas management}, journal = {Strategic Management of Marine Ecosystems}, year = {2005}, chapter = {29-52}, abstract = {

Marine biodiversity is threatened by human impact. Though few marine species are regarded as being extinct due to Man, many species are critically endangered (e.g.the mon seal Monachus monachus), endangered (e.g. the mediterranean giant limpet Patella ferruginea) or vulnerable, i.e. dwindlongrapidly, although not threatened with extinction in the immediaite future (e.g. the marge mollusk pinna nobilis). There are also threats to ecosystems (ecodiversity), such as, in the Mediterranean, the Lythophyllum byssoides rim and the seagrass Posidonia oceanica meadow, Marine Protected Areas (MPA) were initially established to protect biodiversity via the removal of human exploitation and occupation. However, since the 1970, the notion of MPA has moved on to a more general concept of nature conservation, thne to amore dynamic one of nature management, within the framework of sustainable development. Today, the aims of MPAs are therefore six fold : nature conservation, public education, reference areas fo scintifis research, tourism, export of fish eggs, larvae and adults to adjacent areas and finally management of the various uses of the sea (e.g. commercial fishing, recreationnal fishing, pleasure boating and tourism) in such a way that they do not conflict with each other or with conservation aims. Mediterranean MPAs, especially the Port Cros National Park, illustrate the fact that they are rather characterized by the management of human activities than by a set of prohibitions and that there is no negative interaction between bioduversity conservation and artisanal fishing (i.e. small-scale commercial fishing), at least in the way it is done (i.e. with additional lining, etc.). Consequently, MPAs are generally of benefit to the economy (e.g. commercial fishing and tourism industry), not only wothin MPAs but also ion adjacent areas. They theredore constitute a powerful tool for integrated coastal management.

}, keywords = {biodiversity, boating, conservation, economy, ecosystem, fish, France, human impact, impact, island, management, marine protected area, national park, Pinna nobilis, Port-Cros, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, regulation, research, seagrass, sustainable development, threat, tourism, western Mediterranean}, author = {Boudouresque and Cadiou and Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h} } @book {264, title = {M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e - Les perspectives du plan Bleu sur l{\textquoteright}environnement et le d{\'e}velopement}, year = {2005}, pages = {427}, publisher = {PNUE-PAM-Plan Bleu}, organization = {PNUE-PAM-Plan Bleu}, address = {La Tour d{\textquoteright}Aigue}, keywords = {d{\'e}veloppement durable, eau, {\'e}nergie, espace rural, espace urbain, littoral, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, perspective, transport}, author = {Benoit and Comeau} } @article {415, title = {North Atlantic climate and northwestern Mediterranean plankton variability}, journal = {Limnol.Oceanogr}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Climate variability across three distinct spatial scales and the interannual changes of planktonic copepods and jellyfish were studied from November 1966 to December 1993. The results obtained identified a cascade of linksbetween the large-scale climate pattern playing out in the North Atlantic and the local climate variability governingthe Ligurian Sea, northwestern Mediterranean. The chain of events appeared driven by the long-term temperature anomalies that in turn played a key role in the relationship between copepods and jellyfish. Indeed, the increase in jellyfish outbreaks during the 1980s was largely favored by high positive anomalies observed in climate at large (North Atlantic), regional (Ligurian Sea), and local (Villefranche Bay) spatial scales and in water temperature. Linked to jellyfish abundance, the dynamics of the relationship between copepods and jellyfish showed a strong modification during the middle-late 1980s, which highlight the top-down effect exerted by jellyfish on copepods. The warming temperatures and the observed ecological changes, high abundance of jellyfish, and marked drop in the abundance of copepods are discussed in the framework of a potential change in the functioning of the planktonic ecosystem indicative of a more regeneration-dominated production system in the Ligurian Sea. Overall, the cascade of links identified by these results should be considered and integrated into the assessment and modeling studies of pelagic ecosystem and biogeochemical fluxes in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea.

}, keywords = {abundance, Atlantic ocean, biogeochemical flux, changement global, climate, climate change, copepod, crustacea, dynamic, ecosystem, France, jellyfish, Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean sea, oceanography, plankton, planktonic ecosystem, research, temperature, Villefranche-sur-mer, warming}, author = {J.B. Molinero and F. Ibanez and P. Nival and E. Buecher and S. Souissi} } @article {373, title = {Outil de Gestion / Guide d{\textquoteright}aide}, year = {2005}, edition = {WWF-France}, abstract = {

Ce guide vise simplement

}, keywords = {AMP, formation, gestion, GIS, guidelines, indicator, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, protected area}, author = {Consejeria de Medio Ambiente and Junta de Andalucia} } @article {418, title = {Phenological changes in the Northwestern Mediterranean copepods Centropages typicus and Temora stylifera linked to climate forcing}, journal = { Oecologia}, volume = {146}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Planktonic copepods play a major role in the fluxes of matter and energy in the marine ecosystem, provide a biological pump of carbon into the deep ocean, and play a role in determining fish recruitment. Owing to such ecological considerations, it is essential to understand the role that climate might play in the interannual variability of these organisms and the mechanisms by which it could modify the ecosystem functioning. In this study, a causal chain of meteorological, hydrological and ecological processes linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) was identified in the Ligurian Sea, Northwestern Mediterranean. The forcing by the NAO drives most of the hydro-climatic variability during winter and early spring. Subsequently, interannual and decadal changes of the dominant copepods Centropages typicus and Temora stylifera were significantly correlated to the state of the hydro-climatic signal and tightly coupled to the NAO. Direct and indirect effects whose influence promoted phenological changes in the two copepod populations drove the species{\textquoteright} responses to climatic forcing. Opposite responses ofthe analysed species were also highlighted by these results.While years characterized by the positive phase of the NAO leads to enhancement of the strength and the forward move of the C. typicus peak, they act negatively on the annual cycle of T. stylifera, the abundance ofwhich drops twofold and the annual peak appears delayed in time. In contrast, low NAO years lead to highabundance of T. stylifera and a forward timing of its peak, and acts in turn negatively on the C. typicus annualcycle in both abundance (low) and timing (delayed). Owing to the synchronism between hydro-climatic conditions and the NAO, and the major role of these species in the pelagic ecosystem of the studied area, these results provide key elements for interpreting and forecasting decadal changes of planktonic populations in the Ligurian Sea.

}, keywords = {abundance, Centropages typicus, climate, climate change, copepod, crustacea, deep-sea, ecosystem, fish, Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean sea, ocean, recruitment, Temora stylifera}, author = {J.B. Molinero and M. Chifflet and S. Souissi and F. Ibanez and P. Nival} } @article {607, title = {Phenology and climate change: a long-term study in a Mediterranean locality}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {146}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

It is well documented that plant and animal phenology is changing in response to recent climate warming in the Palaearctic. However, few long-term data sets are currently available in the Mediterranean basin. The present study reports long-term temporal trends of several phenophases of 45 plants, 4 insects and 6 migratory insectivorous birds. Dynamic factor analyses performed with plant phenophases showed that most of those events occurring at spring and summer had common trends toward the advancement, especially since mid-1970s. However, during these last decades, insect phenology showed a steeper advance than plant phenology, suggesting an increase of decoupling of some plant-insect interactions, such as those between pollinators and flowers or herbivorous insects and their plant resources. All trans-Saharan bird species showed highly significant temporal trends in all studied phenophases (some of them covering most of the last century). In two species, the duration of stay is increasing due to both earlier arrivals and later departures. On the other hand, two wintering species showed a significant advancement in their arrival dates, while an opposite pattern were found for departures of each one. Only one of these species increased significantly its wintering stay. Bird departures were not related to local climate in any species. Our results demonstrate a key role of local temperatures behind interannual variability of most plant and insects phenophases, with especial emphasis in those occurring in spring and summer. Therefore, the common signal towards the advancement recorded since mid-1970s resulted from the recent rise in temperatures.

}, keywords = {animal, approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, bird, changement climatique, climate, climate change, dynamic, dynamique, insect, insecte, interaction, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, oiseaux, ph{\'e}nologie, phenology, plant, plante, r{\'e}chauffement, temperature, trend, warming}, author = {O. Gordo and J.J. Sanz} } @article {307, title = {Prospective "Chantier Mediterran{\'e}e}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

La r{\'e}gion m{\'e}diterran{\'e}enne re{\c c}oit un int{\'e}r{\^e}t certain de la part de la communaut{\'e} recherche fran{\c c}aise dans les domaines Oc{\'e}an-Atmosph{\`e}re (OA) et Surfaces et Interfaces Continentales (SIC). La zone m{\'e}diterran{\'e}enne est en effet un lieu privil{\'e}gi{\'e} pour l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tude des couplages oc{\'e}an/atmosph{\`e}re/hydrologie/{\'e}cosyst{\`e}mes. Un bassin oc{\'e}anique quasi-ferm{\'e}, une orographie marqu{\'e}e sur son pourtour, un climat tr{\`e}s contrast{\'e} et une forte urbanisation sont des particularit{\'e}s g{\'e}ographiques qui donnent au domaine m{\'e}diterran{\'e}en une complexit{\'e} particuli{\`e}re. Les interactions et r{\'e}troactions du syst{\`e}me coupl{\'e} jouent un r{\^o}le pr{\'e}pond{\'e}rant sur les dynamiques g{\'e}ophysiques et biologiques; en outre, elles sont fr{\'e}quemment

}, keywords = {climate change, dynamic, dynamique, interaction, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mod{\'e}lisation, modelling, recherche, r{\^o}le, syst{\`e}me coupl{\'e}}, author = {P. Drobinski and V. Ducrocq} } @article {495, title = {Species richness and Biogeographic outlines of the fish assemblages of the Portofino Marine Protected Area (Ligurian Sea)}, journal = {Biol Mar Medit}, volume = {12}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

The results of studies on fish fauna through visual census tehniques carried out in the waters of Portofino promontory since 1991 are reported. Data collected to support the institution of the marine rotected area (MPA), established in 1999, are compared with new information to analyse modifications occuring in fish assemblage species composition. The recorded noticeable fish species richness in the study are allows to positively evaluate the effect of protection thereby giving elements to formulate some biogeographic affinity considerations.

}, keywords = {assemblage, biogeography, census, comparison, fauna, fish, fish assemblage, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Portofino, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, species richness, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {L. Tunesi and A. Molinari} } @article {359, title = {Suivi d{\textquoteright}une population de Paramuricea clavata (Risso, 1826) (Cnidaria, Octocorallia, Gorgonacea) dans le parc national de Port-Cros (M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, France) : Comparaison des {\'e}tats 1992 et 2004 sur le site de la Gal{\`e}re}, journal = {Sci.Rep.Port-Cros natl.Park}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Le recensement et l{\textquoteright}{\'e}valuation de l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tat (taux de n{\'e}crose des colonies) de la population de Paramuricea clavata de la dorsale de la Gal{\`e}re (22-30m) ont {\'e}t{\'e} effectu{\'e}s en 1992 et r{\'e}pliqu{\'e}s en 2004 suivant le m{\^e}me protocole. Les effectifs globaux et la densit{\'e} des colonies vivantes (taux n{\'e}crose <100\%) n{\textquoteright}ont pas vari{\'e} entre 1992 et 2004, mais la densit{\'e} des colonies mortes a nettement augment{\'e}. Il y avait en 2004 une forte augmentation du nombre de colonies juv{\'e}niles (H < 10cm : x7) et une diminution des grandes colonies (H > 60cm : x2). En cons{\'e}quence, entre 1992 et 2004, la hauteur moyenne des gorgones avait diminu{\'e} de 26\% pour les colonies vivantes et de 36\% pour les colonies sans n{\'e}crose. Globalement, le taux moyen de n{\'e}crose n{\textquoteright}avait pas chang{\'e} significativement, mais le nombre de colonies tr{\`e}s n{\'e}cros{\'e}es (80-99\%) avait fortement augment{\'e} (x5) en 2004. La plus forte augmentation du taux de n{\'e}crose {\'e}tait observ{\'e}e chez les gorgones de taille moyenne (31-60cm). En 2004, le taux moyen de n{\'e}crose {\'e}tait significativement sup{\'e}rieur dans la part la moins profonde de la population (-26m). La biomasse moyenne a chut{\'e} de 45\% entre 1992 et 2004. La d{\'e}gradation de l{\textquoteright}{\'e}tat de cette population de P. clavata avait commenc{\'e} en 1992 et la forte aggravation constat{\'e}e en 2004 malgr{\'e} un bon recrutement est attribu{\'e}e

}, keywords = {anomalie thermique, climate change, colony, {\'e}tat, France, invert{\'e}br{\'e}, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e}, mortalit{\'e} massive, n{\'e}crose, Paramuricea clavata, parc national, Port-Cros Island, temperature}, author = {J.G. Harmelin and J. Garrabou} } @article {338, title = {A theory for optimal monitoring of marine reserves}, journal = {Ecology Letters}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Monitoring of marine reserves has traditionally focused on the task of rejecting the null hypothesis that marine reserves have no impact on the population and community structure of harvested populations. We consider the role of monitoring of marine reserves to gain information needed for management decisions. In particular we use a decision theoretic framework to answer the question: how long should we monitor the recovery of an over-fished stock to determine the fraction of that stock to reserve? This exposes a natural tension between the cost (in terms of time and money) of additional monitoring, and the benefit of more accurately parameterizing a population model for the stock, that in turn leads to a better decision about the optimal size for the reserve with respect to harvesting. We found that the optimal monitoring time frame is rarely more than 5 years. A higher economic discount rate decreased the optimal monitoring time frame, making the expected benefit of more certainty about parameters in the system negligible compared with the expected gain from earlier exploitation.

}, keywords = {benefit, conservation, decision making, economy, effectiveness, fishery, impact, management, marine protected area, methodology, monitoring, population, profit, protected area, size, temporal heterogeneity}, author = {L-R. Gerber and H-P. Possingham and M-A. McCarthy and M. Beger} } @article {458, title = {Tissue necrosis and mortality of the temperate coral Cladocora caespitosa}, journal = { Italian Journal of Zoology}, volume = {72}, year = {2005}, abstract = {

Mass-mortality events of the temperate coral Cladocora caespitosa were recorded in the Gulf of La Spezia (NW Mediterranean) in the summers of 1997, 1998 and 1999. At the end of the summer 1999, 60\% of the colonies found in 1997 were damaged and more than 50\% of the damaged colonies were completely dead. Complete death of the largest colonies caused a modal shift of colony size-frequency distribution towards the smallest size classes. In order to verify experimentally the hypothesis that mass-mortality was primarily induced by a seawater temperature increase of up to 4 \°C for several weeks, as proposed by several Authors, nubbins of the coral were maintained in aquaria at a temperature of 28 \°C, i.e., 4 \°C higher than the normal maximum summer value. After three weeks of treatment, the nubbins showed a mortality pattern similar to that observed in the field, with the gradual necrosis of tissue to leave only the bare skeleton. Similarly, nubbins long-term exposed to the summer temperature of 24 \°C showed signs of stress. In situ tissue necrosis and loss, first from coenosarcs, then from polyps, started from different parts of the colonies simultaneously. In addition, C. caespitosa did not bleach during the thermal stress, which is different from the heat-induced mass mortality events in tropical corals.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, Cladocora caespitosa, climate change, corail, coral, distribution, injury, Italie, Italy, La Spezia, Ligurian Sea, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer Ligure, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, n{\'e}crose, north-western Mediterranean, r{\'e}chauffement, scleractinian, sea water temperature, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {R. Rodolfo-Metalpa and C.N. Bianchi and A. Peirano and C. Morri} } @proceedings {515, title = {Workshop proceedings N{\textdegree}1 : Education and communication in marine protected areas / Actes du colloque : Education et communication dans les aires marines prot{\'e}g{\'e}es}, year = {2005}, publisher = {WWF-France}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, address = {Miramare Italy}, abstract = {

This corpus of texts is the result of a meeting that was held at the Miramare Natural Marine Reserve (Italy) during the first workshop re-launching the MedPAN network on \"Communication, sensitization and environmental education in Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)\" from 18 to 21 May 2005.The proceedings of this workshop aim at giving an overall view on how Mediterranean MPAs are dealing with issues such as information to the general public, dissemination and educational activities on environmental subjects, conservation and marine and coastal habitats. At the same time, we wish to present the new ideas and perspectives that participants have developed in their presentations and during their debates.Only the most important points of the presentations and the relevant questions and answers have been included in this document so as to make it more useful and user-friendly.It is divided into three parts:1. communication and sensitisation;2. environmental education;3. visitor centres.Cet ensemble de textes est issu des travaux qui ont eu lieu

}, keywords = {AMP, awareness, communication, conservation, consultation and consencus building, education, environment, establishment, habitat, Italy, management, management tool, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, Miramare, natural marine reserve, network, protected area, recreation, research, r{\'e}seau, r{\'e}serve marine, sensibilisation, sustainable development, visitation}, author = {WWF-MedPAN} } @proceedings {514, title = {Workshop proceedings N{\textdegree}2: Mediterranean MPAs: preparing and using management plans, management evaluation / Actes des ateliers MedPAN N{\textdegree}2: AMP de M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e : pr{\'e}paration et utilisation des plans de gestion, {\'e}valuation de la gestion}, year = {2005}, publisher = {WWF-France}, edition = {WWF-MedPAN}, address = {Cabo de Gata Natural Park, Spain}, abstract = {

The texts in this document represent brief summaries of the different presentations given by various members of the MedPAN Project, focusing on the preparation and use of management plans for Mediterranean Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and finally on the evaluation of these management plans at this second workshop of the MedPAN network.Through these proceedings we aim to show which are the different methods which have been carried out by each MPA when it comes to preparing and putting into use their management plan as well as its evaluation, the importance of taking into account the participation of local stakeholders, those responsible of the different activities affected by the management plan (fisheries, local tourism, water sports...).Also we will introduce the conclusions of three working groups which brainstormed on the following issues: 1/ What are the criteria for zoning? 2/ What is essential in a participation process? 3/ What is specific to MPAs in management planning? Do we need a specific model of management plan for MPAs? Aiming to make this an easy and manageable document we have only included summaries of the participants presentations, as well as some of the most relevant questions and answers. These presentations have been organised as follows :- Preparing Management Plans and Participation Processes- Working Groups- Use of Management Plans and Evaluating ManagementLes textes dans ce document sont les r\ésum\és des diff\érentes pr\ésentations qui faites par les membres du projet MedPAN, sur la pr\éparation et l{\textquoteright}utilisation des plans de gestions dans les aires marines prot\ég\ées (AMP) ainsi que l{\textquoteright}\évaluation de ces plans de gestion.Ces actes visent

}, keywords = {AMP, assessment, consultation and consencus building, effectiveness, evaluation, fishery, gestion, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, network, planning, protected area, stakeholders, tourism, zoning}, author = {WWF-MedPAN} } @proceedings {608, title = {Human records of recent geological evolution in the Mediterranean Basin - historical and archaeological evidence}, year = {2004}, month = {22-25 October 20}, pages = {152}, publisher = {CIESM Workshop Monographs}, edition = {24}, abstract = {

The geological record reflects complex interplays between long, medium and shorter gradual trends on the one hand (for example tectonics, subsidence, erosion, sea level variations, climatic fluctuations) and instantaneous, or catastrophic, events on the other. Determining a precise chronology, assessing the spatial impacts of such events, quite often present unrealistic challenges in the absence of unambiguous correlations with reliable time records.

}, keywords = {changement climatique, climate change, erosion, {\'e}volution g{\'e}ologique, geological evolution, geological time, impact, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, temps g{\'e}ologique, trend}, url = {http://www.ciesm.org/online/monographs/Santorin.html}, author = {CIESM} } @inbook {301, title = {Biodiversit{\'e} marine et changements globaux : une dynamique d{\textquoteright}interactions o{\`u} l{\textquoteright}humain est partie prenante}, year = {2004}, publisher = {ADPF Minist{\`e}re des Affaires Etrang{\`e}res}, organization = {ADPF Minist{\`e}re des Affaires Etrang{\`e}res}, address = {Paris}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, changement global, climate change, crise, crisis, dynamic, dynamique, global change}, author = {P. Cury and S. Morand} } @inbook {214, title = {Biodiversit{\'e}, fonctionnement des {\'e}cosyst{\`e}mes et changements globaux}, year = {2004}, address = {Paris}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, changement global, climate change, crise, crisis, dynamic, dynamique, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, global change}, url = {http://www.gis-ifb.org/documentation/autres_publications_et_conferences/un_ouvrage_sur_biodiversite_et_changements_globaux}, author = {Abbadie and Lateltin and Barbault and Chevassus-au-Louis} } @article {273, title = {Biodiversity issues for the next coming tropical Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Biologia Marina Mediterranea}, volume = {11}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

There is now substancial evidence that the climate of our planet is in a phase of change and that, for instance, the average surface temperature of the sea is increasing. While the long-term effects of this warming are still debated, the responses of the marine biota are already visible. The Mediterranean Sea, the widest marine warm-temperate region in the world, forms a sort of climatic and biogeographic hinge between tropical and temperate seas. Present-day Mediterranean biodiversity is undergoing rapid alteration: because of the increased occurence of warm-water biota, it has been said that the Mediterranean is under a process of \"tropicalization\".

}, keywords = {analyse de sc{\'e}nario, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, biog{\'e}ographie, biogeography, climate, climate change, esp{\`e}ce d{\textquoteright}eau chaude, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, temperature, tropicalisation, tropicalization, warm-water species, warming}, author = {Bianchi} } @article {281, title = {Climate change and forseeable impacts on coastal zones in Turkey}, journal = {Geophysical Research Abstracts}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Global sea level rise is expected to vary between 15cm and 88cm in 2100, the best estimate being 44cm as predicted in the IGCP third assessment report published in 2001. This means that the rate of sea level rise would be three times higher than its value of 1.5 mm /year as accepted for the 21th century. Coastal aquifers prone to salinization would be highly affected due to sea water intrusion and where land is subsiding the sea-level rise will be faster resulting in a corresponding exacerbated adverse impact.

}, keywords = {changement climatique, climate, climate change, coastal zone, eastern Mediterranean, hausse du niveau de la mer, impact, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, sea level rise, Turkey, Turquie}, author = {Burak and Gazioglu and Alpar} } @article {482, title = {Climate change scenario for the Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Geophysical Research Abstracts}, volume = {6}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Following the IPCC-A2 scenario, the climate over the Mediterranean basin might become warmer and drier during the 21st century. These two effects may have an opposite impact on the Mediterranean Sea winter deep convection because surface water may become warmer and saltier. In this study, we try to assess the question of the possible evolution of the Mediterranean sea thermohaline circulation.

}, keywords = {analyse de sc{\'e}nario, changement climatique, circulation thermohaline, climate, climate change, impact, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mod{\'e}lisation, modelling, r{\'e}chauffement, scenario analysis, thermohaline circulation, warming}, author = {S. Somot and M. D{\'e}qu{\'e} and F. Sevault} } @article {347, title = {Effect of climatic fluctuations on the distribution of warm-water coral Astroides calycularis in the Adriatic Sea: new records and review}, journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of United Kingdom}, volume = {84}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Three colonies of warm-water coral Astroides calycularis were found at the eastern part of the middle Adriatic Sea during the 1990-2001 period. For each specimen, depth distribution and habitat were recorded. Previous and recent knowledge of this species in the Adriatic Sea and in the Mediterranean Sea was discussed in relation to climatic changes. Occurence of A. calycularis in the Adriatic Sea was related to the increased temperatures of the surface marine layer. Variable temperature conditions were conected to the climatic changes on the hemispheric scale through the North Atlantic Oscillation. The prevailing sea current system together with the coastal configuration and bottom type favours the presence of the studied warm-water coral on the eastern Adriatic coast.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate change, cnidaire, cnidarian, coral, d{\'e}rive septentrionale, distribution, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, esp{\`e}ce d{\textquoteright}eau chaude, habitat, Mediterranean sea, Mer Adriatique, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, northward shift, sea water temperature, species distribution, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, warm-water species}, author = {I. Grubelic and B. Antolic and M. Despalatovic and B. Grbec and G. Beg Paklar} } @article {459, title = {Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {428}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

The Fifth World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa, announced in September 2003 that the global network of protected areas now covers 11.5\% of the planet{\textquoteright}s land surface. This surpasses the 10\% target proposed a decade earlier, at the Caracas Congress2, for 9 out of 14 major terrestrial biomes. Such uniform targets based on percentage of area have become deeply embedded into national and international conservation planning.Although politically expedient, the scientific basis and conservation value of these targets have been questioned. In practice, however, little is known of how to set appropriate targets, or of the extent to which the current global protected area network fulfils its goal of protecting biodiversity. Here, we combine five global data sets on the distribution of species and protected areas to provide the first global gap analysis assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in representing species diversity. We show that the global network is far from complete, and demonstrate the inadequacy of uniform-that is, {\textquoteright}one size fits all{\textquoteright}-conservation targets.

}, keywords = {Africas biodiversitys conservations distributions diversitys effectivenesss fish, network, planning, protected area, size, value}, author = {A-S-L. Rodrigues and G-A-B. DeFonseca and L-D-C. Fishpool and R.M. Cowling and T-M. Brooks and L. Boitani and M-I. Bakarr and S-J. Andelman and K-J. Gaston and J. Schipper and R-L. Pressey and J-D. Pilgriim and P-A. Marquet and J-S. Long and M. Hoffmann and W. Sechrest and X. Yan and M-E-J. Watts and R-W. Walter and L-G. Underhill and S-N. Stuart} } @article {358, title = {Environnement thermique du benthos c{\^o}tier de l{\textquoteright}{\^\i}le de Port-Cros (Parc national, France, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale) et implications biog{\'e}ographiques}, journal = {Sci.Rep.Port-Cros natl.Park}, year = {2004}, keywords = {benthos, Carry-le-Rouet, climate change, environnement, France, invert{\'e}br{\'e}, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, Monaco, mortalit{\'e}, parc national, poisson, Port-Cros Island, temperature}, author = {J.G. Harmelin} } @article {395, title = {European seasonal and annual temperature variability, trends, and extremes since 1500}, journal = {Science}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Multiproxy reconstructions of monthly and seasonal surface temperature fields for Europe back to 1500 show that the late 20th- and early 21st-century European climate is very likely (95\% confidence level) warmer than that ofany time during the past 500 years. This agrees with findings for the entire Northern Hemisphere. European winter average temperatures during the period 1500 to 1900 were reduced by 0.5\°C (0.25\°C for annual mean temperatures) compared to the 20th century. Summer temperatures did not experience systematic century-scale cooling relative to present conditions. The coldest European winter was 1708/1709; 2003 was by far the hottest summer.

}, keywords = {climate, climate change, Europe, seasonal variation, temperature, trend}, author = {J. Luterbacher and E. Xoplaki and D. Dietrich and M. Grosjean and H. Wanner} } @article {441, title = {Ev{\`e}nements et tendances climatiques en milieu littoral : signal et cons{\'e}quences sur des indicateurs biologiques de substrats durs}, year = {2004}, edition = {Centre d{\textquoteright}Oc{\'e}anologie de Marseille}, abstract = {

Une mortalit\é massive a r\écemment affect\é une grande vari\ét\é d{\textquoteright}invert\ébr\és majeurs des paysages sous-marins de M\éditerran\ée Nord Occidentale. Cet \év\énement sans pr\éc\édent dans les \écosyst\èmes temp\ér\és a soulign\é la n\écessit\é d{\textquoteright}acqu\érir une meilleure connaissance de la dynamique des populations de spongiaires, cnidaires et bryozoaires, taxons dominants et significativement affect\és par les perturbations du milieu.Le laboratoire DIMAR souhaitait r\épondre

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, bryozoaire, changement climatique, climate change, cnidaire, cnidarian, dynamic, dynamique, dynamique des populations, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, environmental indicator, indicateur environemental, littoral, mass mortality, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e}, mortalit{\'e} massive, paysage, population dynamic, r{\^o}le, sponge, spongiaire, tendance}, author = {T. Perez and P. Chevaldonn{\'e} and C. Lejeusne and O. Torrents and N. Boury-Esnault and J. Garrabou and D. Aurelle and J.G. Harmelin and C. Marschal and J.C. Romano and J. Vacelet and H. Zibrowius} } @article {488, title = {Extinction risk from climate change}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {427}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Climate change over the past ,30 years has produced numerous shifts in the distributions and abundances of species and has been implicated in one species-level extinction. Using projections of species{\textquoteright} distributions for future climate scenarios, we assess extinction risks for sample regions that cover some 20\% of the Earth{\textquoteright}s terrestrial surface. Exploring three approaches in which the estimated probability of extinction shows a powerlaw relationship with geographical range size, we predict, on the basis of mid-range climate-warming scenarios for 2050, that 15-37\% of species in our sample of regions and taxa will be {\textquoteright}committed to extinction{\textquoteright}.When the average of the three methods and two dispersal scenarios is taken, minimal climate-warming scenarios produce lower projections of species committed to extinction (,18\%) than mid-range (,24\%) and maximum change (,35\%) scenarios. These estimates show the importance of rapid implementation of technologies to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and strategies for carbon sequestration.

}, keywords = {abundance, bird, butterfly, carbon sequestration, climate, climate change, distribution, extinction risk, frog, mammal, plant, reptile, risk, terrestrial fauna, terrestrial vegetation}, author = {C.D. Thomas and A. Cameron and R.E. Green and M. Bakkenes and L.J. Beaumont and Y.C. Collingham and B.F.N. Erasmus and M. Ferreira di Sequeira and A. Grainger and L. Hannah and L. Hughes and B. Huntley and A.S. van Jaarsveld and G.F. Midgley and L. Miles and M.A. Ortega-Huerta and A.T. Peterson and O.L. Phillips and S.E. Williams} } @article {403, title = {Format annot{\'e} pour les rapports de pr{\'e}sentation des aires propos{\'e}es pour inscription sur la liste des ASPIM : R{\'e}serve marine des bancs des kabyles (Jijel)}, year = {2004}, edition = {R{\'e}publique Alg{\'e}rienne D{\'e}mocratique et Populaire}, keywords = {aire prot{\'e}g{\'e}e, Alg{\'e}rie, Banc des Kabyles, r{\'e}serve marine}, author = {MATE} } @article {475, title = {Future climate extreme events in the Mediterranean simulated by a regional climate model: a first approach}, journal = {Global and Planetary Change}, volume = {44}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Within the frame of PRUDENCE (Prediction of Regional scenarios and Uncertainties for Defining EuropeaN Climate change risks and Effects, EVK2-CT2001-00132), 5th Framework European programme project (2002-2005) European research project, two 30-year time-slice simulations with a regional climate model (PROMES-RCM) nested in the Hadley Centre global model have been performed: present-day climate (1961-1990) and one of the IPCC greenhouse gases emission future scenario (A2 IPCC-SRES) for 2071-2100. Model domain is centered in the Mediterranean basin, considered one of the most sensitive areas regarding to global warming and future climate extreme conditions. This study is based on objective indices to describe extreme climate events of maximum and minimum temperature and precipitation. The statistical frequency and persistence of cold spells, heat waves and intense rain days simulated in the current climate run are compared against the ones resulting from future scenario numerical experiment. Description of extreme processes in both intensity and frequency give a different and complementary overview of extreme events changes in future climate conditions for any of the magnitudes analyzed. In fact, a common feature obtained from the results is the absence of correlation between both magnitudes, as much as for temperatures as for precipitation. Results also point to the usefulness of very high-resolution models (RCM) to study extreme events, due to the great spatial variability obtained in any of the variables studied.

}, keywords = {analyse de sc{\'e}nario, changement climatique, climate, climate change, climate extreme event, climate model, {\'e}v{\`e}nement climatique extr{\^e}me, global warming, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mod{\`e}le climatique, mod{\'e}lisation, modelling, r{\'e}chauffement, r{\'e}chauffement global, research, scenario analysis, temperature, warming}, author = {E. Sanchez and C. Gallardo and M.A. Gaertner and A. Arribas and M. Castro} } @book {452, title = {How is Your MPA Doing? A Guidebook of Natural and Social Indicators for Evaluating Marine Protected Area Management Effectiveness / Comment va votre AMP? Guide sur les indicateurs naturels et sociaux destin{\'e}s}, year = {2004}, publisher = {IUCN, Gland, Suisse et Cambridge, United Kingdom}, organization = {IUCN, Gland, Suisse et Cambridge, United Kingdom}, edition = {IUCN; IUCN and Natural Resources}, abstract = {

This guidebook offers managers and other conservation practioners a process and methods to evaluate the effectiveness of MPA for the purposes of adaptive management. The evaluation is based on indicators that measure the effectiveness of management actions in attaining goals and objectives that are specific to MPA, the marine environment and coastal communities. Its presents aflexible approach that can be used in many types of MPA, such as multiple-use areas or no-take zones, where each may have differents goals and objectives. It offers a variety of indicators that reflects a diversity of MPA goals and objectives. These can be selected to best match your MPA based on needs ans resources of your site.This guidebook consists of 2 sections ; section 1 outlines the process for conducting an evaluation, and Section 2 decribes the indicators that would be measured in an evaluation.Section1 is structured around a set if logical steps tant you can follow when you conduct a management effectiveness evaluation. these steps are set out in 4 chapters that represent the overall evaluation process:Chapter 1 : Selecting an appropriate set of indicators selectedChapter 2 : Planning how to evaluate the indicatirs selectedChapter 3 : Implementing the evaluation by collecting and analysing dataChapter 4 : Communicating results and using the results for adaptive managementSection 2 contains an introduction to the MPA effectiveness indicators, summary tables of goals, objectives and indicator ans outlines of the biophysical, socio-economic and governance indicators.Ce guide propose aux gestionnaires et aux praticiens de la conservation un processus et des m\éthodes pour \évaluer l{\textquoteright}efficacit\é des aires marines prot\ég\ées (AMP) aux fins de la gestion adaptative. L{\textquoteright}\évaluation est bas\ée sur des indicateurs qui mesurent l{\textquoteright}efficacit\é des actions de gestion pour atteindre les buts et objectifs sp\écifiques aux AMP,

}, keywords = {adaptative management, AMP, assessment, communication, conservation, diversity, effectiveness, environment, gestion, governance, guidelines, indicator, management, management tool, marine protected area, methodology, partnership, planning, protected area, protection effectiveness, review, socioeconomic aspects}, author = {R-S. Pomeroy and L-M. Watson and J-E. Parks} } @article {311, title = {Impact of climate change on marine pelagic phenology and trophic mismatch}, journal = {Nature}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Phenology, the study of annually recurring life cycle events such as the timing of migrations and flowering, can provide particularly sensitive indicators of climate change. Changes in phenology may be important to ecosystem function because the level of response to climate change may vary across functional groups and multiple trophic levels. The decoupling of phenological relationships will have important ramifications for trophic interactions, altering food-web structures and leading to eventual ecosystem-level changes. Temperate marine environments may be particularly vulnerable to these changes because the recruitment success of higher trophic levels is highly dependent on synchronization with pulsed planktonic production. Using long-term data of 66 plankton taxa during the period from 1958 to 2002, we investigated whether climate warming signals are emergent across all trophic levels and functional groups within an ecological community. Here we show that not only is the marine pelagic community responding to climate changes, but also that the level of response differs throughout the community and the seasonal cycle, leading to a mismatch between trophic levels and functional groups.

}, keywords = {changement climatique, climate, climate change, communaut{\'e} p{\'e}lagique, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, food web, impact, interaction, niveau trophique, pelagic community, ph{\'e}nologie, phenology, plancton, plankton, trophic level, warming}, author = {A.J. Richardson and M. Edwards} } @article {314, title = {Impacts of Europe{\textquoteright}s changing climate35}, year = {2004}, address = {Copenhagen}, abstract = {

This report presents the results of an indicator-based assessment of recent and projected climate changes and their impacts in Europe. The European Topic Centre on Air and Climate Change (ETC/ACC) prepared the report for the European Environment Agency (EEA). The objectives of the report are to:- present the extent to which climate change and its impacts are already occurring and projected to occur in future;- enable the assessment of the vulnerability of natural and societal sectors to climate change, and to enable the development of adaptation strategies;- show the distance to achieving (long-term) climate change targets, in particular the EU indicative target for global temperature;- raise awareness of how mitigation policies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions can delay or avoid potential adverse impacts of climate change in Europe.This report focuses mainly on European-wide trends, but adds information on global trends where relevant. Detailed information on regional impacts of climate change is provided in national climate change indicator reports, such as for the UK and for Ireland.This report presents past trends in Europe{\textquoteright}s climate, its current state and possible future changes as well as the impacts of climate change on the European environment and society. The report is aimed at the general interested public and decision-makers, especially those who wish to understand which natural systems and societal sectors are most vulnerable to climate change and its impacts.The main part of the report describes trends in and projections for 22 climate change state and impact indicators. The indicators cover eight categories: the atmosphere; the cryosphere (snow, ice and glaciers); the marine environment; terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity; water; agriculture; the economy; and human health. For almost all indicators, a clear trend exists and impacts are already being observed.

}, keywords = {adaptation, adaptation strategy, agriculture, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, environment, Europe, {\'e}valuation bas{\'e}e sur les indicateurs, health, impact, indicator-based assessment, policy, strat{\'e}gie d{\textquoteright}adaptation, temperature, trend}, url = {http://www.eea.europa.eu/}, author = {European Environment Agencyf and ETC/ACC} } @proceedings {285, title = {Is there a negative interaction between biodiversity conservation and artisanal fishing in a Marine Protected Area, the Port-Cros National Park (France, Mediterranean Sea) ?}, journal = {Port Cros National Park}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Protected areas are no longer seen as "islands" of nature and tranquility surrounded by a "sea" of incompatible uses, but are a part of a broader regional approach to land and sea management. Local people should not be excluded a priori from protected areas. this is the case of Port-Cros nationla park: artisanal fishing (i.e. small-scale commercial fishing) is authorised in most of the area, though subject to additionnal constraints to those enforce by the general legislation (wider mesh size, limited amount of gear per fiher, time for the setting and removal of gear, restrictions on the use of hooks, long-lining included, prohibition of trawling, etc...). In the Mediterranean, recreationnal fishing and artisanal fishing may be significant. At Port-Cros, spear fishing is banned and angling partly prohibited, wich can releive the total (recreationnal+artisanal) fishing pressure on the fish stock. The benthic ecosystems of the Port-Cros national park are healthy and species diversity is high. As far as artisanal fishing is concerned, fishing effort and fish yield cannot be considered as lower at Port-Cros than in non-protected areas. Overall, it seems that there is no negative interaction between biodiversity conservation and artisanal fishing (at least in the way it is practised).

}, keywords = {artisanal fishery, biodiversity, conservation, diversity, ecosystem, fish, fishery, France, island, legislative, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, national park, Port-Cros, protected area, recreationnal fishery, size, trawling, western Mediterranean}, author = {Boudouresque and Cadiou and Guerin and Robert and Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h} } @article {520, title = {Les aires marines sp{\'e}cialement prot{\'e}g{\'e}es en droit international}, year = {2004}, edition = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA}, address = {Tunis}, keywords = {aire marine prot{\'e}g{\'e}e, AMP, droit}, author = {K. Zakovska} } @article {487, title = {Limited effectiveness of marine protected areas: imposex in Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda, Muricidae) populations from Italian marine reserves}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {48}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

This study aims to provide further information about the current extent of imposex in H. trunculus along the coasts of Italy and to evaluate the current situation of organotin impact inside Italian MPAs (CAPO RIZZUTO, CINQUE TERRE, ISOLE CICLOPI, ISOLE DI VENTOTENE E S. STEFANO, ISOLE PELAGIE, ISOLE TREMITI, MIRAMARE, PORTO CESAREO, PORTOFINO, PUNTA CAMPANELLA, TAVOLARA, TORRE GUACETO, USTICA). Approximately 40 adult specimens of H. trunculus (\>4 cm) were collected by snorkeling and SCUBA diving from no-take and no-access zones (integral protection or A Zone) of 13 Italian MPAs (Fig. 1). This study has demonstrated the spread of imposex in H. truculus affecting populations from all the considered locations. Imposex was recorded in all the populations and, in eight out of 13 MPAs investigated, all females were recorded to exhibit imposex (though at different levels).

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, Campanella, Capo Rizzuto, Ciclopi, coastal use, coastal zone, Di ventotene e stefano, effectiveness, gastropoda, Hexaplex trunculus, impact, invertebrate, island, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Miramare, Pelagie, pollution, population, Porto Cesareo, Portofino, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, scuba-diving, Tavolara, Torre Guaceto, Tremiti, tributyltin, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. Terlizzi and S. Geraci and M. Faimali and F. Garaventa and A-L. Delos} } @article {295, title = {Marine Protected Areas and artificial reefs: A review of the interactions between management and scientific studies}, journal = {Aquatic Living Ressources}, year = {2004}, chapter = {129-138}, abstract = {

Inshore marine areas host key habitats for the biological cycle of many marine populations, but are subject to strong anthropogenic pressure. Uses of inshore areas are multiple and often give rise to conflicting interests. In this context, marine protected areas (MPAs) and artificial reefs (ARs) are increasingly regarded as interesting management measures, in that they contribute to ecosystem conservation, fisheries sustainability, and because they can be helpful in zoning coastal areas in order to reduce conflicts between users. Beyond these expected benefits, it is important to appraise whether MPAs and ARs meet managers{\textquoteright} objectives. This review focuses on the interaction between ecological sciences and management in the purpose of establishing or monitoring MPAs and ARs. We first study how objectives have to be formalized through management plans, and which kinds of information need to be collected in this respect.We then report management objectives related to MPAs and ARs, and list corresponding observed effects. Finally, we discuss the present role of monitoring and scientific research in the management process and propose a few perspectives for scientific research.

}, keywords = {artificial reef, assessment, benefit, conflict, conservation, ecosystem, fish, fishery, habitat, impact, management, marine protected area, monitoring, population, protected area, reefs, research, review, zoning}, author = {Claudet and Pelletier} } @article {384, title = {Monitoring the artisanal fishing effort in marine protected areas on the french mediterranean coast}, journal = {Terre Vie}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

Measures taken for the management of the natural patrimony of the Mediterranean MPA are nowadays designed in such a way as to take account both the aims of protection and the maintenance of small traditionnal fisheries. the managers thus need (i) details knowledge of fishing practices, (ii) monitoring over time of indicators relevant to the local fishery (resource and fishing effort) and (iii) collaboration with fishermen. A panel of methods (fishing log book, day-to-day charts of distribution of fishing gear, embarkation of scientists, landing port enquiries) have been implemented in the national park of Port-Cros (French Riviera) and in the natural reserve of Scandola (Corsica) and might be adapted for other sites according to the degree of cooperation existing between fishermen and park officers. In both cases, surveys have provided a basis for characterizing the activities of the artisanal fisheries : description of the fishing fleet, the equipment used, the fishing patterns and sites, the species targeted and for calculation of the yield per outing, per net, per piece of net, per type of mesh and per species or category of fish. Information on the space-time patterns of distibution of the fishing effort has been delivered in the form of charts (GIS - Geographical Information System) for different periods of year.

}, keywords = {artisanal fishery, category, cooperation, Corsica, distribution, fish, fishery, France, GIS, indicator, island, Ligurian Sea, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, national park, natural reserve, Port-Cros, protected area, protection, Scandola, western Mediterranean}, author = {L. Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h and C.F. Boudouresque and G. Cadiou} } @article {451, title = {New Record for a Dinoflagellate Species (Citharistes regius Stein) in the Northern Levantine Basin (Eastern Mediterranean)}, journal = {Turk J.Bot.}, volume = {28}, year = {2004}, abstract = {

The presence of a dinoflagellate species, Citharistes regius Stein belonging to genus Citharistes Stein, is reported for the first time from the eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. This species is also a first report for all Turkish seas and the Levantine Basin. Morphological characteristics of this species are described in detail and information about its ecological distribution is given.

}, keywords = {biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, Citharistes regius, climate change, dinoflagellate, dinoflagell{\'e}, distribution, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, eastern Mediterranean, esp{\`e}ce d{\textquoteright}eau chaude, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, phytoplancton, phytoplankton, r{\'e}chauffement, sea water temperature, species distribution, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, Turkey, Turquie, warm-water species, warming}, url = {http://www.cu.edu.tr/Content/Asp/English/}, author = {S. Polat} } @article {419, title = {Notes from preliminary market surveys in Morocco}, year = {2004}, url = {http://www.seaturtle.org/mtn/archives/mtn104/mtn104p8.shtml}, author = {Benhardouze and Wafae} } @article {270, title = {Panoramica delle modificazioni nelle popolazioni ittiche del Mar Tirreno}, year = {2004}, institution = {Istituto di Biometeorologia - Firenze}, abstract = {

Recenti studi di analisi generale delle osservazioni dimostrano che l{\textquoteright}incremento medio globale della temperatura superficiale del globo terrestre dal 1900 ad oggi \è stimato intorno a 0.6\°C. Le cause riconosciute ormai senza dubbio sono l{\textquoteright}incremento della concentrazione dei gas clima-alteranti o gas-serra come l{\textquoteright}anidride carbonica (CO2), il metano (CH4), l{\textquoteright}ossido di azoto (N2O), e dall{\textquoteright}aerosol in forma di solfati, derivanti dalle attivit

}, keywords = {changement climatique, climate, climate change, fauna, flora, Mer Tyrrh{\'e}nienne, poisson, population dynamic, r{\'e}chauffement, sea water temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, warming}, attachments = {http://rac-spa.org/sites/default/files/aumento_biodiv_sst.pdf}, author = {Brandani and Magno and Petralli and Vagnoli and Vezzosi} } @article {288, title = {Spatial variation of intertidal assemblages at Tavolara-Capo Coda Cavallo MPA (NE Sardinia): geographical vs. protection effect}, journal = {Marine Environmental Research}, year = {2004}, chapter = {533-546}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) represent a potentially useful management tool to preserve biodiversity. Protection effectiveness was investigated at Tavolara-Capo Coda Cavallo MPA by comparing assemblages of rocky shores at a location A level of protection (island), with those at two locations at B level of protection (one on an island and one on the mainland coast) and two at C level of protection (one on an island and one on the mainland coast).Results did not indicate significant differences in structure of intertidal assemblages among locations under different levels of protection (A, B and C). Protection was not found to be a significant source of variation to low-shore assemblages investigated. In contrast, assemblages seemed to be more dependent on the geographical location within the MPA. Results have important implications for conservation of marine coastal assemblages and would indicate that inclusion of representative assemblages within systems of marine protected areas should target rocky shores both on the mainland and on islands.

}, keywords = {assemblage, biodiversity, biogeography, conservation, effectiveness, island, Italy, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, rocky shore, Sardinia, Tavolara, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {Ceccherelli and Casu and Sechi} } @article {220, title = {Suivis temporels compar{\'e}s de la structure thermique d{\textquoteright}eaux c{\^o}ti{\`e}res libanaises (Batroun) et fran{\c c}aises (Marseille) entre juin 1999 et octobre 2002}, journal = {Comptes Rendus G{\'e}oscience}, year = {2004}, pages = {336}, publisher = {Acad{\'e}mie des sciences}, author = {Abboud-Abi Saab and Romano and Bensoussan and Fakhri} } @article {300, title = {Application des lignes directrices WCPA marine/WWF : MIRAMARE a demonstration case}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

This report is the case ot Miramare Natural Marine Reserve of Triestre, Italy, and how this particular MPA followed the fiel-testing process of the guidebook. This case study will provide MPA managers ans practitioners working in similar MPAs an example of how the guidebook can be applied and adapted to conduct management effectiveness evaluations.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, assessment, effectiveness, Italy, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, methodology, Miramare, natural marine reserve, western Mediterranean}, author = {Costantini and Spoto and Cid} } @article {429, title = {Biological invasions as a component of global change in stressed marine ecosystems}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, volume = {46}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

Biological invasions in marine environment are the lesser known aspect of global change. However, recent events which occurred in the Mediterranean Sea demonstrate that they represent a serious ecological and economical menace leading to biodiversity loss, ecosystem unbalancing, fishery and tourism impairment. In this paper we review marine bioinvasions using examples taken from the Mediterranean/Black Sea region. Particular attention is given to the environmental status of the receiving area as a fundamental prerequisite for the colonisation success of alien species. The spread of the tropical algae belonging to the genus Caulerpa in the northwestern basin of the Mediterranean Sea has been facilitated by pre-existing conditions of instability of the Posidonia oceanica endemic ecosystem in relation to stress of both natural and anthropogenic origin. Human interventions caused long-term modification in the Black Sea environment, preparing a fertile ground for mass bioinvasion of aquatic nuisance species which, in some cases, altered the original equilibrium of the entire basin. Finally, the Venice lagoon is presented as the third example of an environment subjected to high propagule pressure and anthropogenic forcing and bearing the higher {\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}diversity{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} of non-indigenous species compared to the other Mediterranean lagoons. Stressed environments are easily colonised by alien species; understanding the links between human and natural disturbance and massive development of non-indigenous species will help prevent marine bioinvasions, that are already favoured by global oceanic trade.

}, keywords = {alien species, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, biological invasion, Black sea, Caulerpa sp., climate change, disturbed ecosystem, diversity, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me perturb{\'e}, environment, esp{\`e}ce invasive, fishery, global change, invasion biologique, lagoon, lagune de Venise, Mediterranean sea, menace, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer Noire, status, tourism, Venice lagoon}, author = {A. Occhinpinti-Ambrogi and D. Savini} } @article {408, title = {Boat anchoring on Posidonia oceanica beds in a marine protected area (Italy, western Mediterranean): effect of anchor types in different anchoring stages}, journal = {Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

Seagrasses worldwide are noted for suffering from mechanical damage caused by boat anchoring. This is particularly so in sites highly frequented by boaters (marine protected areas or coastal urbanised areas). In the last decades, different strategies have been put into practice to reduce such impacts on seagrasses (i.e. by anchoring bans or by deploying boat moorings). More recently, in consideration that few marine protected area (MPA) management bodies or local administrations have the resources to enforce their anchorage regulations, the self-regulatory approach based on education and information of boaters has been preferred in several cases. At present, however, very little is known on the correct anchoring practices to ensure the safeguarding of seagrasses. The aim of the present study was to experimentally quantify in the field the damage caused to Posidonia oceanica shoot density by anchoring. A multifactorial experiment was designed to test whether the damage is dependent on (1) different anchor types (Hall, Danforth and Folding grapnel), (2) the use of a chain vs. a rope, (3) the three anchoring stages (anchor fall, dragging/lock-in and weighing), and finally (4) whether the pattern is consistent among different locations of the meadow.As expected, the three anchor types employed in the present study differed in the levels of damage inflicted on the P. oceanica meadows of the Ustica Island MPA. In particular, the use of the Hall type anchor seems to be preferable to minimise this impact in comparison with the other two anchor types. Moreover, the effect on the meadow of the three anchor types is greatly dependent on the anchoring stage. These results confirm that the weighing stage is the critical stage of the anchoring process. The number of damaged shoots of P. oceanica was not affected by the presence of the chain. These patterns were consistent between locations.

}, keywords = {anchoring, boating, comparison, density, education, impact, island, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, mooring, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, regulation, seagrass, Ustica, western Mediterranean}, author = {M. Milazzo and F. Badalamenti and G. Ceccherelli and R. Chemello} } @article {377, title = {Changement et vuln{\'e}rabilit{\'e} des peuplements marins c{\^o}tiers}, journal = {Comptes Rendus G{\'e}oscience}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

L{\textquoteright}augmentation anthropique de l{\textquoteright}effet de serre entra\îne trois cons\équences principales pour l{\textquoteright}environnement marin littoral : l{\textquoteright}accroissement de la surface marine, l{\textquoteright}augmentation de la concentration en dioxyde de carbone de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, enfin l{\textquoteright}\él\évation de la temp\érature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer. Les peuplements marins sont surtout sensibles

}, keywords = {benthos, carbon dioxyde, climate change, dioxyde de carbone, littoral, mortalit{\'e}, physiologie, r{\'e}chauffement, sea water temperature, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, vuln{\'e}rabilit{\'e}, vulnerability, warming}, author = {L. Laubier} } @article {366, title = {Climate change, human impacts, and the resilience of coral reefs}, journal = { Science}, volume = {301}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

The diversity, frequency, and scale of human impacts on coral reefs are increasing to the extent that reefs are threatened globally. Projected increases in carbon dioxide and temperature over the next 50 years exceed the conditions under which coral reefs have flourished over the past half-million years. However, reefs will change rather than disappear entirely, with some species already showing far greater tolerance to climate change and coral bleaching than others. International integration of management strategies that support reef resilience need to be vigorously implemented, and complemented by strong policy decisions to reduce the rate of global warming.

}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, blanchiment, bleaching, changement climatique, climate, climate change, coral, coral reef, disease, diversity, global warming, human impact, impact, management, policy, r{\'e}chauffement, r{\'e}chauffement global, r{\'e}cif coralien, temperature, thermotolerance, warming}, author = {T.P. Hughes and A.H. Baird and D.R. Bellwood and M. Card and S.R. Connolly and C. Folke and R. Grosberg and O. Hoegh-Guldberg and J.B.C. Jackson and J. Kleypas and J.M. Lough and P. Marshall and M. Nystr?m and S.R. Palumbi and J.M. Pandolfi and B. Rosen and J. Roughgarden} } @article {391, title = {Coastal Fish Diversity in three Marine protected Areas and one Unprotected Area in the Gulf of Triestre (Northen Adriatic)}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

The coastal fish assemblage in three protected sites and one unportected area in the Slovenian part of the Gulf of Triestre (Northen Adriactic) was studied. Species composition and richness were comparable at all studtied sties, including the control unprotected area. Differences in fish density between the protected area of Debeli rtic ans the unprotected area of Fiesa-Pacug were revealed using correspondance analysis. Particulary the densities of certain labrid species (Symphodus cinereus and S. roissali) were higher in the protected area. Those differences are attribuate to the extented and densely vegetated infralittoral belt of the Debelli rtic area rather than to its protected status.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, assemblage, Cape Madona, comparison, Debeli rtic, density, diversity, eastern Mediterranean, Fiesa-Pacug, fish, fish assemblage, fish density, Gulf of Triestre, labridae, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, nature monument, nature reserve, protected area, protection effectiveness, Slovenia, Strunjan, Symphodus cinereus, Symphodus roissali, unprotected area}, author = {L. Lipej and M. Sisko and M. Orlando Bonaca} } @proceedings {502, title = {The development of the SPAMI list}, year = {2003}, publisher = {RAC/SPA}, address = {Marseille}, abstract = {

This document first describes orientation and approaches for the establishment of a real network of marine protected areas. The first section includes discussions of the advantages of networks of MPAs as opposed to assemblages of unconnected MPAs, the ways in which networks should be designed, the need of identifying gaps, using scientific criteria, and adopting an ecosystem approach, the need of addressing the issue of governance and of establishing a link between the SPAMI system and integrated coastal zone management. The second section of the document describes the current situation of the SPAMI system, and provides a brief summary of the requirements for SPAMIs deriving from the provisions of the Protocol. Finally, the document suggests a number of implementation actions aimed at the improvement of the functionality of the established SPAMIs, and to the achievement of the future harmonic growth of the system into a full-fledged, effective regional network of MPAs.

}, keywords = {coastal zone, current status, ecosystem, ecosystem approach, management, marine protected area, network, protected area, selection, SPAMI}, author = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA} } @article {442, title = {Dynamique de la biodiversit{\'e} marine : perturbations r{\'e}centes des paysages sous-marins m{\'e}diterran{\'e}ens, signal d{\textquoteright}un changement climatique ?}, year = {2003}, edition = {Institut Fran{\c c}ais de la Biodiversit{\'e}}, abstract = {

La n\écessit\é d{\textquoteright}obtenir des s\éries de donn\ées

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, blanchiment, bleaching, bryozoaire, changement climatique, climate change, dynamic, dynamique, invertebrate, invert{\'e}br{\'e}, mass mortality, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e}, mortalit{\'e} massive, pathogen, pathog{\`e}ne, paysage, temperature}, author = {T. Perez and J. Garrabou and D. Bonhomme and P. Chevaldonn{\'e} and C. Lejeusne and C. Marschal and O. Torrents and N. Boury-Esnault and J.G. Harmelin and J. Vacelet and H. Zibrowius} } @article {368, title = {Environmental status of the European seas}, year = {2003}, note = {

Les changements climatiques sont \évoqu\és

}, abstract = {

The first joint meeting at Ministerial Level of the OSPAR Commission (OSPAR) for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic and the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Area will be hosted by Germany in June 2003. As a basis for this meeting and for the information of the public, the German Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety invited ICES to prepare a report on the environmental status of European seas. Since the meeting will also discuss a European Strategy for the Marine Environment, the report is intended to inform on the overall environmental status and on issues of concern, focused on the maritime areas covered by these two Commissions, and to provide brief overviews also for the Arctic, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Black Sea.

}, keywords = {climate change, conservation, environment, Europe, Mediterranean sea, protection, status}, url = {http://www.ices.dk/indexfla.asp}, author = {ICES} } @article {443, title = {Formulaire Standard des Donn{\'e}es Parc Marin National de Zakynthos (Gr{\`e}ce)}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

La baie est largement ouverte au Sud avec un courant entrant par l{\textquoteright}Ouest de la baie (circulation cyclonique). Elle inclut deux vastes \îlots rocheux. Les fonds sont occup\és par un vaste herbier

}, keywords = {Aplysina sp., Caretta caretta, Cymodocea nodosa, Cystoseira amentacea, Cystoseira schiffneri, Cystoseira spinosa, Epinephelus marginatus, FSD, Gr{\`e}ce, herbier, Homarus gammarus, Hyppocampus hyppocampus, Paracentrotu lividus, parc national, Pinna nobilis, Posidonia oceanica, Raja alba, substrat dur, Tonna galea}, author = {G. Pergent and A. Tsirika and L. Sourbes and G. Skoufas and C. Pergent-Martini and V. Pasqualini} } @article {342, title = {The genus Asterodinium (Dinophyceae) as a possible biological indicator of warming in the western Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Journal of the Marine Biological Association of United Kingdom}, volume = {83}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

The presence of two dinoflagellate species of the genus Asterodinium, which are a priori representative of warm waters, is reported for the first time in the western Mediterranean Sea. Asterodinium libanum was identified in the Bay of Villefranche-sur- Mer (Ligurian Sea), while Asterodinium gracile is reported in theTyrrhenian Sea. These findings are discussed in the context of the progressive warming of Mediterranean waters.

}, keywords = {Asterodinium sp., biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, biog{\'e}ographie, biogeography, biological indicator, changement climatique, climate change, dinoflagellate, dinoflagell{\'e}, dinophyceae, environmental indicator, esp{\`e}ce d{\textquoteright}eau chaude, indicateur environemental, Italie, Italy, Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer Ligure, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer Tyrrh{\'e}nienne, north-western Mediterranean, phytoplancton, r{\'e}chauffement, Tyrrhenian Sea, warm-water species, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {F. Gomez and H. Claustre} } @article {465, title = {Global climate change and biodiversity}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

The Earth{\textquoteright}s climate is changing and the impacts are already being felt by biodiversity and wildlife habitats across the planet. This summary report from the international conference Global Climate Change and Biodiversity presents some of the latest scientific research into how the natural world is being affected by climate change - and also how the natural world might respond in the future.This conference was the third in a series, begun in Boulder, Colorado in 1997, for scientists and others working on the impacts of climate change on biodiversity. Individual sessions of Global Climate Change and Biodiversity covered a cross-section of the planet{\textquoteright}s major biomes: forests, marine, high latitudes and montane, managed landscapes and coasts. The impact of climate change on natural systems was shown to vary in different ecosystems in different parts of the world. But the overriding message of the conference{\textquoteright}s summary discussion session is that climate change is all-pervading and will have an increasing influence on the life systems of the Earth.The conference, held at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK in April 2003, was organised jointly by the RSPB, WWF-UK, English Nature, UNEP-World Conservation Monitoring Centre and the Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research.

}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, conservation, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, forest, habitat, impact, landscape, monitoring, research}, author = {Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB) and WWF and English Nature and UNEP and WCMC and Tyndall Centre for Climate Change Research} } @article {434, title = {A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {421}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

Causal attribution of recent biological trends to climate change is complicated because non-climatic influences dominate local, short-term biological changes. Any underlying signal from climate change is likely to be revealed by analyses that seek systematic trends across diverse species and geographic regions; however, debates within the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) reveal several definitions of a {\textquoteright}systematic trend{\textquoteright}. Here, we explore these differences, apply diverse analyses to more than 1,700 species, and show that recent biological trends match climate change predictions. Global meta-analyses documented significant range shifts averaging 6.1 km per decade towards the poles (or metres per decade upward), and significant mean advancement of spring events by 2.3 days per decade. We define a diagnostic fingerprint of temporal and spatial {\textquoteright}sign-switching{\textquoteright} responses uniquely predicted by twentieth century climate trends. Among appropriate long-term/large-scale/multi-species data sets, this diagnostic fingerprint was found for 279 species. This suite of analyses generates {\textquoteright}very high confidence{\textquoteright} (as laid down by the IPCC) that climate change is already affecting living systems.

}, keywords = {climate, climate change, evolution, impact, trend}, author = {C. Parmesan and G. Yohe} } @article {489, title = {Guidelines for management planning of protected areas}, year = {2003}, edition = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK.}, address = {Gland}, abstract = {

Management Planning is an essential step towards ensuring the proper management of protected areas. This is particularly so as we move forward to the 21st century and face increasing complexities in the management of our parks and reserves. The essential steps of good management planning embracing current best practice are not always understood by park agencies or planning practitioners. So I am pleased to see the publication of these Guidelines, which have been compiled by two very experienced planners.In past years, management planning was typically undertaken by a group of planning experts who were instructed by their organisation to research the relevant information, interpret it and devise the best possible plan based on their professional experience. Indeed some planners may never have visited the site. Today, as we move into increasingly complex planning environments, with higher levels of tourism and protected area resource use, it is not possible to continue in this way. Critical to the planning of protected areas is the widest possible consultation with stakeholders and the development of objectives that can be agreed and adhered to by all who have an interest in the use and ongoing survival of the area concerned. So I am pleased to see that the consultative phase, particularly with local communities, features strongly in these Guidelines.It needs to be recognised that the preparation of the plans can be expensive and time consuming. While short cuts can be taken, this will be to the detriment of the protected area. Those organisations with responsibility for management are urged to make the strongest possible commitment to planning so as to avoid the long-term perils of management which lacks a strategic direction.In the past, emphasis in management planning has been almost exclusively directed towards biological, ecological, physical and cultural aspects. As these Guidelines make clear we need to go beyond this. This represents the starting point for the work of the planners who need to reach out and take into account as never before the myriad of use patterns, the often complex organisational arrangements, the range of economic services generated, the financial aspects and the \"benefits beyond boundaries\" to those outsidethe park borders.

}, keywords = {management, mangement planning, protected area, tourism}, author = {L. Thomas and J. Middleton} } @article {277, title = {Impact and recovery from a mass mortality event of the gorgonian Paramuricea clavata populations on the french mediterranean coasts}, journal = {Geophysical Research Abstracts}, volume = {5}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

An unprecedented mass mortality occurred in the NWMediterranean in summer 1999. This event affected 30 species of invertebrates from 5 different Phyla (sponges, cnidarians, molluscs, ascidians, bryozoans) on several hundred kilometres of shoreline from the Bay of Genoa in Italy to the Bay of Marseilles in France. The most affected taxa were sponges and cnidarians. This mass mortality took place under an unusual environmental context characterized by high and stable water column temperatures. The impact of the mass mortality and recovery (1999-2002) of populations of the gorgonian Paramuricea clavata from Provence{\textquoteright}s coasts (France) have been studied.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, France, gorgonaire, gorgonian, impact, invertebrate, Italy, Marseille, Marseilles, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mollusc, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, Paramuricea clavata, Provence, recovery, sponge, temperature, western Mediterranean}, author = {Bonhomme and Garrabou and Perez and Sartoretto and Harmelin} } @article {480, title = {Interlinkages between biological diversity and climate change. Advice on the integration of biodiversity considerations into the implementation of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and its Kyoto Protocol}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

The impacts of climate change on biodiversity are of major concern to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The Conference of the Parties has highlighted the risks, in particular, to coral reefs and to forest ecosystems, and has drawn attention to the serious impacts of loss of biodiversity of these systems on people{\textquoteright}s livelihoods. More recently, the Conference of the Parties has also turned its attention to the potential impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems of the various options for mitigating or adapting to climate change and requested the Convention{\textquoteright}s Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA) to develop scientific advice on these issues.SBSTTA established an ad hoc technical expert group to carry out an assessment of the inter-linkages between biodiversity and climate change. The results are contained in the present report, which draws upon best available scientific knowledge, including that provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.

}, keywords = {adaptation, approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, biological diversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, convention, coral, coral reef, diversity, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, forest, impact}, url = {http://www.cbd.int/}, author = {Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity} } @article {333, title = {Is global change a real threat for conservation of the NW Mediterranean marine biodiversity?}, journal = {Geophysical Research Abstracts}, volume = {5}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

An increasing body of evidence is demonstrating that global change is already affecting terrestrial and marine ecosystems. Coastal marine habitats are a main subject of attention because they harbour a high biological diversity, are among the most productive systems of the world and present high anthropogenic interaction levels. Most studies on the effects of global change on marine ecosystems have focused on tropical habitats but effects on marine habitats at higher latitudes have been increasingly reported during the last decades. We examined the case of the NW Mediterranean sublittoral habitats for which a warming trend in water temperature has already been detected.

}, keywords = {biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, biological diversity, changement global, climate change, conservation, diversity, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, global change, global warming, habitat, interaction, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, north-western Mediterranean, r{\'e}chauffement global, temperature, threat, trend, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {J. Garrabou and DIMAR team} } @article {378, title = {La M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e se r{\'e}chauffe-t-elle ?}, journal = {Marine Life}, volume = {13}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

Depuis une quinzaine d{\textquoteright}ann\ées, l{\textquoteright}hypoth\èse selon laquelle les eaux de la M\éditerran\ée seraient en cours de r\échauffement a \ét\é \étay\ée par une s\érie d{\textquoteright}observations physiques et \écologiques. Chronologiquement, les premiers constats faits par les oc\éanographes physiciens concernent les eaux profondes m\éditerran\éennes ; quelques ann\ées plus tard, les \écologues marins ont

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, biotope, climate change, deep water, eastern Mediterranean, eau profonde, environmental indicator, esp{\`e}ce d{\textquoteright}eau chaude, genetic, g{\'e}n{\'e}tique, indicateur environemental, invertebrate, invert{\'e}br{\'e}, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e}, mortalit{\'e} massive, north-western Mediterranean, physiologie, poisson, r{\'e}chauffement, sea water temperature, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, thermotolerance, warm-water species, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {L. Laubier and T. Perez and C. Lejeusne and J. Garrabou and P. Chevaldonn{\'e} and J. Vacelet and N. Boury-Esnault and J.G. Harmelin} } @book {379, title = {Management of Protected Areas in the Mediterranean : Assessment and Opportunities of Networks and Action Plans / Gestion des Aires Prot{\'e}g{\'e}es M{\'e}diterran{\'e}ennes : Evaluation et Opportunit{\'e}s des R{\'e}seaux et Plans d{\textquoteright}action}, year = {2003}, publisher = {IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation}, organization = {IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation}, edition = {IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation}, address = {Malaga, Spain}, abstract = {

This paper intends to review the plans and networks for protected areas in the Mediterranean region. It will focus on the management and institutional weaknesses, strengths, gaps and synergies, trying to highlight those areas where further work is needed. It seeks to review on what has been done rather than on forward looking plans.With this purpose this paper is organised as follows:Part 1. Introductory remarks and methods, together with a rapid overview of natural values and conservation problems in the region.Part 2. Overview of the status of protected areas, and a revision of the main gaps and needs, as based on the information from regional assessments and Experts{\textquoteright} Meetings.Part 3. Assessment of the main regional networks of protected areas, their action plans and status of implementation, in relation to the weaknesses previously found.Part 4. Identification of the main gaps and needs in action, and preliminary conclusions on best opportunities to create synergies, between existing plans and networks, along the four priority streams for Durban 2003Ce document tente de revoir les plans et les r\éseaux pour les aires prot\ég\ées de la zone M\éditerran\éenne. Il fait le point sur la gestion et les faiblesses des institutions, les forces, les manques et la dynamique des aires o\ù un travail approfondi est utile. Il met l{\textquoteright}accent sur ce qui a \ét\é fait plut\ôt que sur les projets.Dans ce sens, le document se pr\ésente comme suit :1ere partie Remarques d{\textquoteright}introduction et m\éthodes, avec un rapide aper\çu des valeurs naturelles et des probl\èmes de conservation dans cette r\égion.2\ème partie Aper\çu des statuts des zones prot\ég\ées, et r\évision des principaux manques et besoins,

}, keywords = {action plan, assessment, Barcelona convention, biosphere reserve, conservation, convention, Emerald, Europarc, gestion, governance, legislative, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Mediterreanean Action Plan, methodology, Natura 2000, network, partnership, policy, protected area, Ramsar, review, revision, size, socioeconomic aspects, stakeholders, threat, value}, author = {A. Lopez Ornat and E. Correas} } @article {374, title = {Modern global climate change}, journal = {Science}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

Modern climate change is dominated by human influences, which are now large enough to exceed the bounds of natural variability. The main source of global climate change is human-induced changes in atmospheric composition. These perturbations primarily result from emissions associated with energy use, but on local and regional scales, urbanization and land use changes are also important. Although there has been progress in monitoring and understanding climate change, there remain many scientific, technical, and institutional impediments to precisely planning for, adapting to, and mitigating the effects of climate change. There is still considerable uncertainty about the rates of change that can be expected, but it is clear that these changes will beincreasingly manifested in important and tangible ways, such as changes in extremes of temperature and precipitation, decreases in seasonal and perennial snow and ice extent, and sea level rise. Anthropogenic climate change is now likely to continue for many centuries. We are venturing into the unknown with climate, and its associated impacts could be quite disruptive.

}, keywords = {climate, climate change, impact, monitoring, sea level rise, temperature}, author = {T.R. Karl and K.E. Trenberth} } @article {329, title = {Multi-scale spatial heterogeneity, habitat structure, and the effect of marine reserves on Western Mediterranean rocky reef fish assemblages}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

A hierarchical sampling design, spanning five orders of magnitude (from 10s of metres to 100s of kilometres) was created in order to quantify the multiscale spatial variability of visually censused rocky reef ish assemblages in the western Mediterranean Sea. Specifically, we tested the hypotheses that species abundance and the biomass of reef fish populations is higher within than outside marine reserves (Cabo de Gata Nijar, Aguilas, Cabo de Palos, Isla Grosa, Cabrera, Western-Mallorca and Columbretes), and that a north-to-south geographical gradient of these variables exists. We also explored the relationship between the fish assemblage and habitat structure, as an environmental factor likely to account for an important part of the observed variability. The mixed analyses of variance revealed that total abundance and biomass, species richness and abundance and biomass of several target species reached higher average values within marine reserves. Nevertheless, some non-protected localities (e.g. Aguilas) harboured richer and more abundant fish assemblages than some marine reserves. In addition, regional variation, attributable to differences in local carrying capacity and hydroclimatic conditions, are also shown across the studied area. Moreover, the studied assemblage is patchy at small and/or intermediate spatialscales, considering both assemblage descriptors (total abundance and biomass, species richness), and the abundance and biomass of fish species and spatial categories.Detected patterns were different depending on the species and assemblage variables analysed. Differences in habitat structure account for a significant proportion of total variability of the studied variables, and are likely to be responsible for a large part of the observed differences, especially at small-to-intermediate spatial scales. Other factors-spatial variability in larval distribution, settlement and/or post-settlement survival- are discussed in order to explain the observed differences.We concluded that causes of the observed patchiness of Mediterranean reef fish assemblages are probably multiple. Long-term, multi-scale spatial and temporal monitoring actions, as well as process-oriented manipulative experiments are urgently needed in order to ascertain the relative importance of each factor.

}, keywords = {Alboran Sea, assemblage, biomass, Cabo de Gata Nijar, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Cabrera, category, Columbretes, comparison, design, distribution, effectiveness, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, habitat, heterogeneity, island, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, population, protected area, recruitment, reef fish assemblage, review, scale, Spain, spatial heterogeneity, species abundance, species richness, temporal heterogeneity, transects, unprotected area, value, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {J-A. Garcia-Charton and O. Renones and D. Moreno Lampreave and J. Bayle-Sempere and P. Sanchez-Jerez and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa} } @article {298, title = {Recommendations on methodology for monitoring the effectiveness of MPA management}, year = {2003}, address = {Belize - Guatemala - Honduras - Mexico}, abstract = {

A total of 15 marine protected areas (MPAs) within the MBRS region have been identified for special attention within the GEF-World Bank Conservation and Sustainable Management of the MBRS project.We were able to obtain detailed information on the current status of all MPAs except Punta de Manabique and Omoa-Baracoa, neither of which is yet formally established or under active management. Information came from detailed questionnaires provided to reserve managers. While there are clearly substantial differences among the reserves, three things stood out as widely representative. Their management operations are poorly financed and their staff lack equipment and facilities necessary for effective management. A review of current best practice for evaluating MPA management effectiveness reveals a predominant focus on the monitoring of the biophysical attributes of the non-human components of marine ecosystems.Recognizing that MPA management must be adaptive, a program to assess management effectiveness requires that a baseline of objective data be established for a carefully selected suite of evaluation criteria.RECOMMENDATION 1Make use of the SMP(Synoptic Monitoring Program) in all MPAs.Monitor the minimum suite of environmental variables established for the Synoptic: The resulting environmental database will provide several measures of management effectiveness in terms of its ability to preserve habitat quality.RECOMMENDATION 2Undertake more detailed monitoring of the abundance and health attributes of particularly valued or vulnerable ecosystem components when these are explicit targets of management.RECOMMENDATION 3Monitor reference sites outside MPAs.RECOMMENDATION 4Provide the necessary inputs of resources to the SMP (Synoptic Monitoring Program).RECOMMENDATION 5Management staff of each MPA should plan a deliberate test of the effectiveness of the biophysical metrics being monitored, and assessing the responsiveness of metrics to it.RECOMMENDATION 6Measure fishery benefits.RECOMMENDATION 7Measure tourism benefits.RECOMMENDATION 8Measure educational benefits.RECOMMENDATION 9Measure public opinion.RECOMMENDATION 10Measure management input and output statistics.

}, keywords = {benefit, conservation, current status, ecosystem, effectiveness, fishery, habitat, health, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, methodology, monitoring, population, protected area, protection, regulation, review, size, staff, tourism}, author = {Conservation and sustainable use of the mesoamerican barrier reef systems project (MBRS)} } @article {275, title = {Recruitment of the dusky grouper (Epinephelus marginatus) in the North-Western Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Cybium}, year = {2003}, chapter = {123-129}, keywords = {climate change, depth distribution, Epinephelus marginatus, France, grouper, Mediterranean sea, moratoire, recruitment, serranidae, signalisation}, author = {Bodilis and Ganteaume and Francour} } @article {293, title = {Regional warming-induced species shift in north-west Mediterranean marine caves}, journal = { Ecology Letters}, volume = {6}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

The north-western Mediterranean Sea{\textquoteright}s high biodiversity originates from a mixture of temperate and subtropical species. Large-scale warming has been detected through northward range shifts of {\textquoteright}warm-water{\textquoteright} species, and mass-mortality events for {\textquoteright}coldwater{\textquoteright} invertebrates. Marine caves are affected in a more subtle way. By monitoring endemic species of cave mysids (Crustacea) and comparing our results with data in the literature, we observed a strong decline in one species, coupled with the success of another. Near Marseille (France), this phenomenon began while two major thermal anomalies were reported. Different tolerances to temperature were demonstrated by both the species distribution ranges and laboratory experimentation. We provide a possible physiological explanation for populations of cold stenothermal species of endemic cave mysids being replaced by congeners of warmer affinities, with a high risk of extinction. We also found strong support for the view that Mediterranean marine biodiversity is already under the threat of global warming.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, crustac{\'e}, crustacea, d{\'e}rive septentrionale, distribution, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, France, global warming, Hemimysis sp., invertebrate, invert{\'e}br{\'e}, marine cave, Marseille, Marseilles, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, mortalit{\'e} massive, mysidac{\'e}, mysidacea, north-western Mediterranean, northward shift, Provence, r{\'e}chauffement global, species distribution, temperature, thermotolerance, threat, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {Chevaldonn{\'e} and Lejeusne} } @article {336, title = {R{\'e}ponses des {\'e}cosyst{\`e}mes marins et insulaires aux changements climatiques}, journal = {Comptes Rendus G{\'e}oscience}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

Responses of marine and insular ecosystems to climate change. Climate influences a variety of ecological processes. It acts through local environmental conditions such as temperature, winds, precipitations, oceanic currents, but also their interactions. Local environmental changes are often associated with large-scale phenomena. They drive exchanges of energy and biomass, and finally growth, recruitment and migration of species. The understanding of climate change impacts on marine ecosystems requires a better understanding of their effects on the apex of food webs. We here report results of recent studies showing the impact of large-scale environmental changes such as El Ni?o, North Atlantic Oscillation and Antarctic circumpolar waves on the functioning of marine and insular ecosystems. These phenomena act at relatively small scales in time and space compared to climate changes, but they have similar consequences as predictions of climate change models. They provide natural observatories of ecosystems responses to environmental conditions and global changes.

}, keywords = {Antarctique, Atlantique, changement climatique, changement global, climate, climate change, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, food web, global change, impact, interaction, temperature, wind}, author = {Y. Le Maho and J.Y. Georges} } @article {341, title = {The toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum: an invader in the Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Acta Bot.Croat}, year = {2003}, abstract = {

The distribution of the toxic dinoflagellate Gymnodinium catenatum Graham in the Mediterranean Sea was once restricted to the eutrophic waters of the Albor?n Sea. In September 1999, this taxon was found for first time in the Algerian basin, being the dominant species at subsurface depths (~1 cell mL-1) associated with low salinity waters. The geographical expansion of this exotic species is not only deleterious due to its toxicity, but its recent presence is associated with changes on the structure of the Mediterranean pelagic food web.

}, keywords = {climate change, communaut{\'e} p{\'e}lagique, dinoflagellate, dinoflagell{\'e}, distribution, food web, Gymnodium catenatum, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, pelagic community, phytoplancton, phytoplankton, plancton, plankton, salinity}, author = {F. Gomez} } @article {299, title = {Training manual on design and development of management plans for marine protected areas}, year = {2003}, address = {Belize - Guatemala - Honduras - Mexico}, abstract = {

Management Plans are one of the fundamental tools that guide management and define the terms of the ecosystems, the human communities and the administrative components of the plan, required in accordance with the management category.With this manual, the MBRS Project reaffirms its commitment to generate support material for the conservation and sustainable use of marine and coastal resources, with the participation of the different sectors of civil society, governmental and non-governmental organizations, promoting participatory forums for decision-making.It is our intention that this tool be used in mass training courses and serve as a guide in the processes of revising, updating, re-orienting and preparing Management Plans for MPA{\textquoteright}s in the various countries of the Mesoamerican region. In so doing, it will strengthen the efforts to conserve biological diversity as well as foster community development by increasing the diversity of actors and levels of participation in the management process.

}, keywords = {biological diversity, category, conservation, decision making, design, diversity, ecosystem, management, management tool, marine protected area, methodology, planning, protected area}, author = {Conservation and sustainable use of the mesoamerican barrier reef systems project (MBRS)} } @proceedings {370, title = {Vers une strat{\'e}gie pour developper la capacit{\'e}}, journal = {Conf{\'e}rence sur les aires prot{\'e}g{\'e}es dans la r{\'e}gion m{\'e}diterran{\'e}enne.}, year = {2003}, edition = {UICN; IUCN}, address = {Murcie}, abstract = {

Le renforcement des capacit\és pour une gestion efficace des aires prot\ég\ées est capital. Les aires prot\ég\ées se sont r\év\él\ées \être les instruments les plus importants et efficaces pour la conservation sur le terrain des \écosyst\èmes naturels et de leurbiodiversit\é.La plupart des organismes en charge de leur gestion ne disposent toujours pas des ressources financi\ères et humaines voulues, ni des instruments et infrastructures n\écessaires pour appliquer une politique efficace de conservation de la biodiversit\é et fournir des services environnementaux.Notre pari est de mettre en place des m\écanismes de gestion adaptatifs afin de pouvoir faire face aux nouvelles menaces pesant sur les aires prot\ég\ées tout en saisissant les nouvelles occasions qui s{\textquoteright}offrent

}, keywords = {biodiversity, conservation, education, formation, gestion, management, management tool, Mediterranean sea, menace, methodology, network, protected area, staff, threat}, author = {IUCN Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation} } @article {398, title = {Biomass Size Spectra in Littoral Fishes in Protected and Unprotected Areas in the NW Mediterranean}, journal = {Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The biomass size spectra in the littoral rocky fish communities in the Medes Island Marine Reserve and three unprotected localities from the NW Mediterranean were studied over a period of two years. A large number of individuals (81 478 in the protected area and 59 536 in the unprotected zones), belonging to 57 species, were censused. Communities were studied in different characteristic habitats (rocky bottoms and Posidonia oceanica sea grass beds). The slopes of the curves for the normalized size spectra showed that fish biomass in rocky areas was nearly constant from the smallest to the largest size classes. That trend was observed in both the unexploited and the moderately exploited areas, suggesting that the removal of large ichthyophagous individuals (e.g. Dentex dentex, Dicentrarchus labrax, Epinephelus marginatus) did not significantly affect the scale of population biomass with size. The pattern was different for the seagrass bed communities, in that the biomass of the larger size classes tended to increase in the protected area, whereas biomass was nearly constant across all the size classes in the exploited area. These results suggest that the communities at seagrass beds could be more sensitive to disturbance, because a large portion of the fish biomass is concentrated in one or a few species (e.g. Sarpa salpa). This study underscores the interest held out by marine reserves as a point of reference for studies on fish community size spectra and point out the existence of dissimilar size spectrum distributions in heterogeneous communities.

}, keywords = {biomass, coastal zone, comparison, curve, Dicentrarchus labrax, distribution, dusky, Epinephelus marginatus, fish, habitat, island, littoral, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, population, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, rocky shore, Sarpa salpa, scale, seagrass, serranidae, size, Spain, trend, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {E. Macpherson and A. Garcia-Rubies and A. Gordon} } @article {361, title = {Climate warming and disease risks for terrestrial and marine biota}, journal = { Science}, volume = {296}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

Infectious diseases can cause rapid population declines or species extinctions. Many pathogens of terrestrial and marine taxa are sensitive to temperature, rainfall, and humidity, creating synergisms that could affect biodiversity. Climate warming can increase pathogen development and survival rates, disease transmission, and host susceptibility. Although most host-parasite systems are predicted to experience more frequent or severe disease impacts with warming, a subset of pathogens might decline with warming, releasing hosts from disease. Recently, changes in El Nino-Southern Oscillation events have had a detectable influence on marine and terrestrial pathogens, including coral diseases, oyster pathogens, crop pathogens, Rift Valley fever, and human cholera. To improve our ability to predict epidemics in wild populations, it will be necessary to separate the independent and interactive effects of multiple climate drivers on disease impact.

}, keywords = {biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, coral, disease, impact, pathogen, pathog{\`e}ne, r{\'e}chauffement, temperature, warming}, author = {C.D. Harvell and C.E. Mitchell and J.R. Ward and S. Altizer and A.P. Dobson and R.S. Ostfelds and M.D. Samuel} } @article {511, title = {Ecological responses to recent climate change}, journal = {Nature}, volume = {416}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

There is now ample evidence of the ecological impacts of recent climate change, from polar terrestrial to tropical marine environments. The responses of both flora and fauna span an array of ecosystems and organizational hierarchies, from the species to the community levels. Despite continued uncertainty as to community and ecosystem trajectories under global change, our review exposes a coherent pattern of ecological change across systems. Although we are only at an early stage in the projected trends of global warming, ecological responses to recent climate change are already clearly visible.

}, keywords = {climate, climate change, ecosystem, environment, fauna, flora, global change, global warming, impact, phenology, trend, warming}, author = {G.R. Walther and E. Post and P. Convey and A. Menzel and C. Parmesan and T.J.C. Beebee and J.M. Fromentin and O. Hoegh-Guldberg and F. Bairlein} } @article {471, title = {Fluctuations of macrobenthic populations: a link between climate-driven river run-off and sole fishery yields in the Gulf of Lions}, journal = {Oecologia}, volume = {133}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The Rhone river is the most important input to the Mediterranean Sea, responsible for 50\% of the primary productivity of the Gulf of Lions. A highly variable amount of 1-23\×106 t year-1 of terrestrial material is exported to the sea by the Rhone and stocked on the continental shelf for the most part. Soft-bottom communities off the Rhone delta were dominated by polychaetes both in species richness and abundance, and exhibited strong temporal fluctuations mainly related to flooding events. Floods caused pulses of organic matter followed, with different time lags, by peaks of polychaetes. Opportunistic, short-lived species, such as Mediomastus sp. and Aricidea claudiae, exhibited high short-term peaks in density and biomass a few months after flooding events. Conversely, long-lived species, such as Laonice cirrata and Sternaspis scutata, peaked in density and biomass with a time lag of 1-3 years, and their population increase lasted for a few years. The common sole, Solea solea, is a voracious predator of polychaetes which represent \>80\% of its prey. A positive correlation was found between the mean annual discharge of the Rhone river and the annual commercial landings of S. solea with a time lag of 5 years in the two fishing harbours (Sete and Martigues) located close to the Rhone delta. The long-term increase in food (i.e. polychaete density and biomass) after flooding events might favour the different stages of the sole life cycle, enhancing its population size for several years. Fluctuations of sole fishery yields in the Gulf of Lions could be influenced by climate, as the Rhone river flow is related to the North Atlantic Oscillation that drives precipitation over Western Europe.

}, keywords = {abundance, annelid, Aricidea claudiae, biomass, climate, climate change, density, Europe, fishery, fishing, Gulf of Lions, Laonice cirrata, Martigues, Mediomastus sp., Mediterranean sea, north-western Mediterranean, organic matter, polychaete, Rh{\^o}ne river, richness, Sete, soft bottom, Solea solea, Sternaspis scutata}, author = {C. Salen-Picard and A.M. Darnaude and D. Arlhac and M.L. Harmelin-Vivien} } @book {450, title = {Formulaire Standard des Donn{\'e}es (FSD) pour les inventaires nationaux de sites naturels d{\textquoteright}int{\'e}ret pour la conservation}, year = {2002}, publisher = {CAR/ASP}, organization = {CAR/ASP}, address = {Tunis}, abstract = {

Le pr\ésent Formulaire Standard des Donn\ées (FSD) veut constituer un outil op\érationnel adress\é aux autorit\és nationales comp\étentes pour la mise en oeuvre de cette disposition. Il est con\çu pour couvrir les champs d{\textquoteright}information d\étaill\és en appendice aux crit\ères, et les crit\ères sp\écifiques pour l{\textquoteright}\évaluation de l{\textquoteright}importance d{\textquoteright}un site pour les habitats et les esp\èces (art. 4, 5et 6 des crit\ères). Du point de vue technique, ce FSD est une adaptation aux sp\écificit\és de la M\éditerran\ée des FSD d\évelopp\és dans le cadre des r\éseaux de sites NATURA 2000 et EMERAUDE, en cours d{\textquoteright}\être mis en place respectivement au niveau de l{\textquoteright}Union Europ\éenne (Directives 79/409/CEE et 92/43/CEE du Conseil) et du Conseil de l{\textquoteright}Europe (R\ésolution n\° 3 (1996) du Comit\é permanent de la Convention de Berne), l{\textquoteright}objectif principal \étant d{\textquoteright}assurer dans toute la mesure du possible la compatibilit\é, et de cette mani\ère faciliter l{\textquoteright}\échange de donn\ées et d{\textquoteright}informations avec les syst\èmes de bases de donn\ées \établis dans le cadre de ces initiatives. Conform\ément aux objectifs g\én\éraux des inventaires, le pr\ésent formulaire a \ét\é con\çu avec les principaux objectifs de:- assister la prise de d\écision concernant la gestion et, le cas \éch\éant, la protection du site d\écrit;- fournir un outil pour la surveillance

}, keywords = {conservation, convention, FSD, gestion, habitat, inventaire, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Natura 2000, protection, site naturel, surveillance}, author = {PNUE-PAM-CAR/ASP} } @article {401, title = {Gorgonians mass mortality during the 1999 late summer in French Mediterranean coastal waters: the bacterial hypothesis}, journal = {Water Research}, volume = {36}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

Mass mortality by tissue necrosis of several species of gorgons was observed during the 1999 late summer on the Liguro-Proven\çal Mediterranean coasts. We have investigated the occurrence of vibrios on necrosis affected gorgonians Paramuricea clavata and Eunicella cavolinii, and their ability to induce tissue necrosis. Among the 11 strains tested, only 5, belonging to species Vibrio splendidus, V. pelagius and V. campbellii, were able to induce tissue necrosis in a few days. Temperature experiments carried out at 11\°C, 18\°C and 23\°C showed that necrotic disease may occur only at the higher temperature tested. Statistical analysis suggested that, for these thermical conditions, marine Vibrio strains can significantly speed up the necrotic crisis.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, coastal water, disease, Embiez island, France, gorgonaire, gorgonian, {\^\i}le des Embiez, injury, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, r{\'e}chauffement, sea water temperature, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, Vibrio sp., warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {Y. Martin and J.L. Bonnefont and L. Chancerelle} } @article {410, title = {The impact of human recreationnal Activities in Marine portected areas : What lessons Should be learnt in the Mediterranean Sea?}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The aesthetic appealvof marine reserves and the facilities provided, together with the increased public awareness of nature, all contibute to creating massive tourism in MPAs. Human activities are being changed inside MPAs in two ways : humans as top predators are generally being removed, but in tunrn they could come back at great numbers as vistors.Many authors have studied the impact of visitors, and the results highlight that the consequances can be very substantial and may reprensent a severe threat to the overall diversity of marine communities. To date, the documented effects of human recreationnal activities on natural communities are restricted to assessing the consequences of trampling over tidal and upper infralittoral areas, boat anchoring in seagrass meadows and tropical reefs, or SCUBA-diving.In this paper, we review the available litterature world-wide on the effects of human recreationnal activites in marine communities. The objective is to adress the extent of theses impacts and to highloght the gaps of knowledge to be filled in order to optimise decision making on research, monitoring, and management of Mediterranean MPAs. A specific plan for managing tourism use in each Mediterranean MPA should be designated. Tehses strategies should be implemented through education, training, and changes in legislation and policy.

}, keywords = {algae, anchoring, awareness, benthos, communication, conservation, corraligenous, decision making, diversity, education, fish, human impact, impact, invertebrate, legislative, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, policy, recreation, reefs, research, review, scuba-diving, seagrass, threat, tourism, trampling, visitation}, author = {M. Milazzo and R. Chemello and F. Badalamenti and R. Camarda and S. Roggio} } @article {263, title = {Implications of spatial heterogeneity for management of marine protected areas (MPAs): examples from assemblages of rocky coasts in the northwest Mediterranean}, journal = {Marine Environmental Research}, year = {2002}, chapter = {429-458}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are increasingly used as a management tool to preserve species and habitats. Testing hypotheses about the effectiveness of MPAs is important for their implementation and to identify informative criteria to support management decisions. This study tested the general proposition that MPAs affected assemblages of algae and invertebrates between 0.0 and 0.5 m above the mean low water level of rocky coasts on two islands in the Tuscan Archipelago (northwest Mediterranean). Protection was concentrated mainly on the west coasts of the islands, raising the possibility that neither the full range of assemblages nor the relevant scales of variation were properly represented within MPAs. This motivated the comparison of assemblages on opposite sides of islands (habitats). The effects of MPAs and habitat were assessed with a multifactorial sampling design; hypotheses were tested about differences in structure of assemblages, in mean abundance of common taxa and in univariate and multivariate measures of spatial variation. The design consisted of three replicate shores for each condition of protected and reference areas on the west side of each island and three unprotected shores on the eastern side. Assemblages were sampled independently four times on each island between June 1999 and January 2001. At each time of sampling two sites were selected randomly at each of two tidal heights to represent midshore and lowshore assemblages on each shore. Estimates of abundance were obtained using nondestructive sampling methods from five replicate 2020 cm quadrats at each site. Results indicated differences among habitats in structure of assemblages, in mean abundance of common taxa and in univariate and multivariate measures of spatial variation at the scale of shores. Most of these patterns were inconsistent with the predicted effect of management through MPAs. The data suggest that designation of MPAs in the Tuscan Archipelago should proceed through management of multiple shores and types of habitat selected to guarantee protection to a representative sample of assemblages and to the processes responsible for maintenance of spatial patchiness at different scales. This study also shows that considerations of spatial heterogeneity are important to underpin management decisions about the number, size and location of MPAs.

}, keywords = {algae, assemblage, comparison, decision making, design, distribution, effectiveness, fish assemblage, habitat, heterogeneity, invertebrate, island, Italy, management, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection, rocky shore, size, spatial heterogeneity, Toscan, western Mediterranean}, author = {Benedetti-Cecchi and Bertocci and Micheli and Maggi and Fosella and Vaselli} } @article {348, title = {The importance of experimental design in detecting the effects of protection measures on fish in Mediterranean MPAs}, journal = {Aquatic conservation marine and freshwater ecosystems}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

1. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) are currently proliferating in the Mediterranean Sea. The assessment of their role in the protection and recovery of overexploited fish populations, however, is not yet completely supported by an adequate body of scientific evidence. This is in part because the number of studies that unambiguously assess changes induced by protection is limited.2. Sampling to detect and measure the expected effects of protection on commercial fish (e.g. increase in mean abundance and size) is made difficult by intrinsic natural spatial and temporal variability. Ideally, temporal replication before and after the establishment of MPAs is necessary for estimating the average conditions in time. Spatial replication of control locations, on the other hand, is essential to prevent confusion in interpreting a difference between protected and unprotected locations. Until now, the basic requirements for appropriate experimental designs in MPAs were seldom satisfied, especially in the Mediterranean region.3. In the present paper, an ideal experimental design aimed at overcoming many of the confounding influences that could result in misinterpretations of the results is considered, with a discussion of implications of applying less and less appropriate designs because of pragmatic constraints. Experimental design should thus be adapted to each individual MPA under study on the basis of the specific constraints that researchers face (e.g. {\textquoteright}before{\textquoteright} (i.e. pre-designation) data are lacking; there is a single or more than one protected locations).4. The issues related to MPAs, chiefly in the Mediterranean region, need to be considered to enable the identification of unambiguous hypotheses prior to sampling, based on clear logical structures. The importance of appropriate sampling and the subsequent interpretation of data would progressively reduce the degree of uncertainty of environmental analyses about the effects of MPAs on fish, with important implications for their management and further proliferation.

}, keywords = {assessment, comparison, design, establishment, fish, fishery, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, population, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, protection measure, r{\^o}le, size, spatial heterogeneity, stakeholders, temporal heterogeneity, unprotected area}, author = {P. Guidetti} } @article {340, title = {Les changements climatiques et la biodiversit{\'e}}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

A l{\textquoteright}\échelle mondiale, les activit\és humaines ont caus\é et continueront de causer un appauvrissement de la biodiversit\é en raison, notamment, de l{\textquoteright}utilisation des terres et des changements d{\textquoteright}affectation des terres; de la pollution et d\égradation (y compris la d\ésertification) des sols et de l{\textquoteright}eau, de la pollution atmosph\érique; de la diversion des ressources en eau au profit d{\textquoteright}\écosyst\èmes

}, keywords = {adaptation, approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, att{\'e}nuation, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement global, climate change, diversit{\'e}, diversit{\'e} biologique, eau, gestion, global change, habitat, impact, mitigation, pollution}, author = {GIEC} } @book {445, title = {Management Guidelines for IUCN Category V Protected Areas: Protected Landscapes/Seascapes}, year = {2002}, publisher = {IUCN, and Cardiff University, Cambridge, UK}, organization = {IUCN, and Cardiff University, Cambridge, UK}, edition = {IUCN; IUCN and Natural Resources}, address = {Gland, Switzerland}, abstract = {

The specific aim of these present Guidelines is to advise all those with responsibilities for protected areas on the planning and management of Protected Landscapes. So, while the primary audience is a professional one in governments at all levels, among NGOs and elsewhere, the advice should also assist decision-makers, politicians and other concerned groups at every level, from local communities to international fora.The remaining sections of these Guidelines are organised as follows:2: Background: an introduction to Category V protected areas3: Planning: guidance on the setting up of a Category V protected area4: Management - principles: basic considerations relating to the management of Category V protected areas5: Management - policies: advice on the policies to apply in Category V protected areas6: Management - processes and plans: advice on how to go about the management of Category V protected areas, including the Management Plan7: Management - means: advice on the institutional, financial and staffing aspects of the management of Category V protected areas

}, keywords = {category, decision making, financement, guidelines, management, management tool, partnership, planning, policy, protected area, staff, stakeholders}, author = {A. Phillips} } @article {325, title = {Marine Protected Areas in the Mediterranean Sea: Objectives, Effectiveness and Monitoring}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The number of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) is continuously increasing worldwide because of the increasing recognition of the profound effects that humans can have on marine systems. A large body of literature deals with marine reserves and their potential as conservation and management tools. In several cases, empirical evidence demonstrated that reserves can harbour greater diversity, higher abundance, and larger organisms than unprotected areas. In most cases, however, reserve design and site selection involved little scientific justification, with no direct test of most of the mechanisms assumed to work in a marine reserve. Field investigations of subtidal marine reserves are generally confounded by intrinsic ecological differences between sites investigated inside and outside reserves, by a lack of site and reserve replication, or by the absence of information about the biota before reserve establishment. This is particularly true in the Mediterranean Sea. The aim of this paper is to show that, at least in the Mediterranean basin, the effectiveness of MPAs has been rarely demonstrated because of lack of appropriate sampling designs. An MPA can be considered as a zone subjected to human impact, presumably a positive one. As a consequence, we propose the use of experimental procedures generally utilised for detecting environmental impacts.

}, keywords = {assemblage, conservation, design, diversity, effectiveness, human impact, impact, management, management tool, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, procedure, protected area, protection effectiveness, selection, spatial heterogeneity, temporal heterogeneity, unprotected area}, author = {S. Fraschetti and F. Boero and L. Benedetti-Cecchi and F. Micheli and A. Terlizzi} } @article {464, title = {Microbial diseases of corals and global warming}, journal = {Environmental Microbiology}, volume = {4}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

Coral bleaching and other diseases of corals have increased dramatically during the last few decades. As outbreaks of these diseases are highly correlated with increased sea-water temperature, one of the consequences of global warming will probably be mass destruction of coral reefs. The causative agent(s) of a few of these diseases have been reported: bleaching of Oculina patagonica by Vibrio shiloi; black band disease by a microbial consortium; sea-fan disease (aspergillosis) by Aspergillus sydowii; and coral white plague possibly by Sphingomonas sp. In addition, we have recently discovered that Vibrio coralyticus is the aetiological agent for bleaching the coral Pocillopora damicornis in the Red Sea. In the case of coral bleaching by V. shiloi, the major effect of increasing temperature is the expression of virulence genes by the pathogen. At high summer sea-water temperatures, V. shiloi produces an adhesin that allows it to adhere to a b- galactoside-containing receptor in the coral mucus, penetrate into the coral epidermis, multiply intracellularly, differentiate into a viable-but-not-culturable (VBNC) state and produce toxins that inhibit photosynthesis and lyse the symbiotic zooxanthellae. In black band disease, sulphide is produced at the coral-microbial biofilm interface, which is probably responsible for tissue death. Reports of newly emerging coral diseases and the lack of epidemiological and biochemical information on the known diseases indicate that this will become a fertile area of research in the interface between microbial ecology and infectious disease.

}, keywords = {Aspergillus sydowii, bleaching, climate change, coral, coral reef, disease, global warming, Mediterranean sea, Oculina patagonica, pathogen, photosynthesis, Red Sea, research, sea water, sea water temperature, Sphingomonas sp., temperature, Vibrio corallilyticus, Vibrio sp., warming, zooxanthellae}, author = {E. Rosenberg and Y. Ben-Halm} } @article {369, title = {Programme d{\textquoteright}adaptation pour une action dans la r{\'e}gion m{\'e}diterran{\'e}enne: visions}, year = {2002}, edition = {Centre for Mediterranean Cooperation}, abstract = {

Le pr\ésent document r\ésume la table ronde de deux jours tenue

}, keywords = {adaptation, changement climatique, climate change, eau, gestion, Gr{\`e}ce, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, wetland, zone humide}, author = {IUCN} } @article {484, title = {Regional sea level response to global climatic change: Black Sea examples}, journal = {Global and Planetary Change}, volume = {32}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

The sensitivity of Black Sea level to variations in the global forcing is studied here using tide gauge and satellite altimeter data, as well as hydro-meteorological data for the fresh water flux components. The consistency between satellite and sea borne data is analyzed and the characteristics of variability with monthly to interannual time scales are revealed. The analysis of 6-year-long data series of TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter shows that the first EOF accounts for 85\% of the total variance and is associated with the water cycle, the latter forced by the air-sea exchange, continental hydrological budgets and straits outflow. This result is a demonstration that the Black Sea level integrates the variations of global forcing over vast catchment area, thus making them quite distinguishable. The second EOF describes the seasonal variability of circulation. The third and higher EOFs describe synoptic and basin-oscillations, and the corresponding principal components are characterized by strong interannual variability. By analyzing the correlation of sea level and water balance in the last 70 years, we quantify the response to the external forcing. The mean sea level trend during 1993-1997, derived from the TOPEX/Poseidon data, of 12 cm is much lower than the largest trends of this type observed in the last 120 years, which are associated with interannual-to-decadal variability and reach 20-30 cm. The correlation between the sea level and NAO index, starting from 1870s, is well pronounced, suggesting that future variations of sea level could be predicted using global climate indices. It is shown that the long-term changes of water balance are strong enough to substantially affect the exchange between Black Sea and Mediterranean Sea. This in turn might result in changing the conditions of water mass formation in the Aegean Sea and motivates further studies on the prediction of extreme events of deep water mass formation in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea as function of the global and regional water cycles.

}, keywords = {Aegean Sea, altim{\'e}trie, altimetry, Black sea, climate, climate change, cycle hydrologique, deep water, eastern Mediterranean, flux d{\textquoteright}eau douce, fresh water flux, hydrological cycle, mean sea level, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, Mer Eg{\'e}e, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer Noire, niveau moyen de la mer, trend}, author = {E.V. Stanev and E.L. Peneva} } @book {501, title = {Standard Data-Entry form (SDF) for national inventories of natural sites of conservation interest}, year = {2002}, publisher = {RAC/SPA}, organization = {RAC/SPA}, address = {Tunis}, abstract = {

The present Standard Data-Entry Form (SDF) is conceived as an operational tool made available to the relevant national authorities for the implementation of this provision. It is designed to cover the fields of information detailed in the Appendix to the Criteria, and the specific criteria for the assessment of the importance of the site for habitats and species (Art. 4, 5 and 6 of the Criteria). From a technical point of view, this FSD is an adaptation to the specificity of the Mediterranean of the SDFs developed within the NATURA 2000 and EMERALD networks of sites, in the process of being established within the European Union (Council Directives 79/409/EEC and 92/43/EEC) and the Council of Europe (Resolution No. 3 (1996) of the Standing Committee of the Bern Convention) respectively. This is made with the main objective of ensuring the fullest compatibility possible and thus facilitate the flow of data and information with the database systems established under those initiatives.In conformity with the general objectives of the inventories, the present Form is conceived with the main objectives of :- assisting decision making concerning the management and, where appropriate, the protection of the described sites;- providing a tool for the long-term monitoring of the sites.The form is being designed with a view to paper records and computerised entry and transfer of data.

}, keywords = {conservation, convention, FSD, habitat, inventory, management, Natura 2000, natural site, protection, SDF}, author = {UNEP-MAP-RAC/SPA} } @book {310, title = {Sustainable Tourism in Protected Areas: Guidelines for Planning and Management}, year = {2002}, publisher = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK, the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Tourism Organization}, organization = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK, the United Nations Environment Programme and the World Tourism Organization}, edition = {IUCN; IUCN and Natural Resources}, abstract = {

The link between protected areas and tourism is as old as the history of protected areas. Protected areas need tourism, and tourism needs protected areas. Though the relationship is complex and sometimes adversarial, tourism is always a critical component to consider in the establishment and management of protected areas.The main purpose of these Guidelines is to assist protected area managers and other stakeholders in the planning and management of protected areas, visitor recreation and the tourism industry, so that tourism can develop in a sustainable fashion, while respecting local conditions and local communities. They provide a theoretical structure, but are also intended to help managers in practical ways. The underlying aim is to ensure that tourism contributes to the purposes of protected areas and does not undermine them.These Guidelines contain numerous practical suggestions about how this can be done, based not only on sound theory but also on practice from around the world.

}, keywords = {conservation, guidelines, history, management, management tool, methodology, planning, protected area, recreation, stakeholders, sustainable tourism, tourism, value}, author = {P-F-J. Eagles and C-D. Haynes and S-F. McCool} } @article {510, title = {Zoning Marine Protected Areas through Spatial Multiple-Criteria Analysis : the cas of the Asinara Island National Marine Reserve of Italy}, journal = {Conservation Biology}, volume = {16}, year = {2002}, abstract = {

As the role of marine protected areas as conservation tools become better understood and more sophisticated, their planning becomes more complicated. Systematic, objective approaches to site selection and design can help reconcile conflictong interests, represent stakeholders{\textquoteright} viewpoints fairly and evenly, and criteria analysis for determinig the suitability of marine areas for different uses an levels of protection. This technique couples geographic information systems (GIS) for land assessment and evaluation with a formal statement of the disgn priorities as seen from the different viewpoints of all involved stakeholders. The planning process, while staying focused on the main purposes of conservation and feasibility, involves all the main interest groups in the definition of priorities so that conflicts and tensions are kelp under control. We used multiple-criteria analysis to integrate objective data with the contrasting priorities of different stakeholders in the planning of a marine protected area. The results of the analysis can be used to define an optimal spatial arrangement of different protection levels. As a case study, we developed a zoning plan for one of the first marine protected areas in Italy, the Asinara Island National Marine Reserve.

}, keywords = {Asinara, assessment, conflict, conservation, criteria analysis, design, evaluation, GIS, island, Italy, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, planning, protected area, protection, r{\^o}le, selection, stakeholders, western Mediterranean, zoning, zoning plan}, author = {F. Villa and T. Agardy and L. Tunesi} } @proceedings {383, title = {Climatic changes and trends and marine invertebrates: a need for relevant observing networks and experimental ecophysiology}, journal = {Atti della Associazione Italiana di Oceanologia e Limnologia}, year = {2001}, edition = {Associazione Italiana di Oceanologia e Limnologia (AIOL)}, abstract = {

It is a well known fact that several biological mechanisms are controlled by a combination of both temperature value and exposure time. As a consequence, ecotoxicologists for instance are using LC48 or LC96. Similarly, a Degree Heating Weeks Index measured from satellite-derived surface temperatures has been recently defined to point out bleaching risk areas in the coral reefs of the Pacific Ocean. During Summer 1999, a mass mortality event of large sessile invertebrates living on rocky substrates and coralligenous assemblage has been recorded on both Ligurian and Provence coasts of Italy and France respectively. In the Marseilles-Port-Cros area, available data have shown that a significant increase of temperature (up to 5\°C) has occurred between 0 and 40 meters during periods of at least one month (August or September). These abnormal high temperatures during such a long period could well cause physiological stresses in sessile invertebrates and led them to death, associated with opportunistic microorganisms (protozoans, fungi, etc.) proliferation. Ecophysiological experiments are strongly needed to determine the thermal preferendum of the impacted invertebrates and confirm this hypothesis. These experiments should preferably be performed in the field, using temperature-controlled chambers. Parallel to that, there is a need to define relevant parameters that need to be monitored in the coastal zone at an appropriate time-space scale (hours and tens/hundreds of meters) for better prediction of similar events.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, blanchiment, bleaching, changement climatique, climate change, coastal zone, coral, coral reef, corallig{\`e}ne, coralligenous community, France, invertebrate, invert{\'e}br{\'e}, Italy, Ligurian Sea, mass mortality, Mer Ligure, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, network, ocean, physiologie, Provence, r{\'e}chauffement, r{\'e}cif coralien, rocky substrate, sea water temperature, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, thermotolerance, trend, warming}, author = {L. Laubier} } @mastersthesis {396, title = {Conflits d{\textquoteright}usages et d{\'e}veloppement durable au sein du Parc National de Zakynthos, Gr{\`e}ce}, year = {2001}, school = {Universit{\'e} Aix Marseille III - Facult{\'e} de droit et de sciences {\'e}conomiques Centre d{\textquoteright}{\'e}tudes et de recherches internationales et communautaires - CERIC - Aix en Provence}, abstract = {

Le pr\ésent document pr\ésente d{\textquoteright}abord un \état des lieux de la situation socio-\économique et juridique de la baie de Laganas ainsi qu{\textquoteright}un historique. Ensuite, une \évaluation discussion permettra de situer le r\égime juridique mis en place dans un contexte international et m\éditerran\éen et de s{\textquoteright}attarder sur les obstacles r\écurrents

}, keywords = {assessment, Caretta caretta, conflict, eastern Mediterranean, {\'e}tat, Gr{\`e}ce, Greece, legislative, Mediterranean sea, national park, parc national, protection, socioeconomic aspects, sustainable development, Zakynthos}, author = {S. Mabile} } @article {303, title = {Deep-sea ecosystem response to climate changes: the eastern Mediterranean case study}, journal = {rends in Ecology \& Evolution}, volume = {16}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

Climate change is significantly modifying ecosystem functioning on a global scale, but little is known about the response of deep-sea ecosystems to such change. In the past decade, extensive climate change has modified the physico-chemical characteristics of deep waters in the eastern Mediterranean. Climate change has caused an immediate accumulation of organic matter on the deep-sea floor, altered the carbon and nitrogen cycles and has had negative effects on deep-sea bacteria and benthic fauna. Evidence from a miniature ocean model provides new ways of interpreting signals from the deep sea and indicates that, contrary to what might have been expected, deep-sea ecosystems do respond quickly to climate change.

}, keywords = {changement climatique, climate, climate change, deep sea ecosystem, deep water, deep-sea, eastern Mediterranean, eau profonde, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me profond, fauna, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, ocean}, author = {R. Danovaro and A.Tselepides and M. Fabiano and A. Pusceddu and A. Dell{\textquoteright}Anno} } @article {513, title = {Economic effects of marine protected areas on small-scale fisheries: a case study of the trawl ban in the Gulf of Castellammare, Sicily}, year = {2001}, edition = {University of Portsmouth 2001}, address = {Plymouth United Kingdom}, abstract = {

Despite growing interest in Marine Protected Areas, relatively little is still known in practice about their economic impact or their distributional consequences for stakeholders. The present paper, based on an EU-funded project, attempts to shed light on this issue by examining the economics of an artisanal fishery operating in an area of NW Sicily from which trawlers have been excluded. The main issues examined relate to the financial performance of trammel net vessels, focussing especially on (i) current profitability levels, (ii) financial implications of changes in catch rates, (iii) financial viability of capital investment and (iv comparative performance of vessels inside and outside the trawl ban area.

}, keywords = {artisanal fishery, Castellamare, economic effect, economy, financement, fishery, impact, Italy, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, protected area, scale, Sicilia, size, stakeholders, trawling, western Mediterranean}, author = {D. Whitmarsh and G. D{\textquoteright}Anna and F. Badalamenti and C. Pipitone and H. Pickering and C. James} } @article {276, title = {Influence of climatic changes on stocks, fish species ans marine ecosystems in the Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Archo Oceanogr.Limnol}, volume = {22}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

In the last decades, some modifications in stocks, fish species and the marine ecosystems have been recorded as a consequence of climatic changes in the Mediterranean sea. Many authors emphasize more and more frequently a \"tropicalization of the Mediterranean sea\" (Colloque Scient. Montpellier, 1995). Under a meteorological point of view, this process, shows considerable variability, and is characterized by torrential rains - concentrated in the space and time - followed by periods with high temperature and humidity. At sea, an increase in average temperature has been observed at different levels in the Mediterranean water column (Bethoux et al. 1990).

}, keywords = {biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate change, ecosystem, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, esp{\`e}ce d{\textquoteright}eau chaude, fish, fish stock, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, poisson, stock de poisson, temperature, warm-water species}, author = {Bombace} } @article {423, title = {Is the Mediterranean coral Cladocora caespitosa an indicator of climatic change ?}, journal = { Archo Oceanogr.Limnol.}, volume = {22}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

Cladocora caespitosa (L.) is a colonial and zooxanthellate scleractinian coral belonging to the family Faviidae. It occurs throughout the Mediterranean and can be locally abundant (Zibrowius, 1980). [...] Where abundant, C. caespitosa occurs in two ways, either as: 1) a great number of distinct subspherical colonies (10 to 30 cm in diameter); or 2) large formations reaching some decimetres in height and covering several square meters in surface area. For the latter type of occurrence, Peirano et al. (1998) proposed the term \"bank\", for the former they preferred the rather general and inclusive term \"bed\". Both types of occurrence are relatively common in the coastal region around La Spezia. They are presently under study with the following goals: 1) to quantify the importance of the species as a builder during the present time; 2) to understand the influence of major environmental factors upon the build-ups accretion; 3) to correlate the growth of the species with climatic data.

}, keywords = {changement climatique, Cladocora caespitosa, climate change, corail, coral, environmental indicator, indicateur environemental, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, scleractinian}, author = {C. Morri and C.N. Bianchi and A. Peirano} } @article {473, title = {The marine protected area of Portofino, Italy: a difficult balance}, journal = {Ocean and Coastal Management}, volume = {44}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

The Portofino promontory extends for 13km along the northwestern Italian coast. This peninsula has a rough coastline, steep seabed, and high indices of biodiversity, both in its terrestrial and marine ecosystems. In 1935, a terrestrial protected area was established, preventing the intense urban development and mass tourism that characterises nearby areas today. Presently, the economies of the small towns in the area are based on elite tourism and recreational boating. Based on an analysis of the uses of the area and their impacts on the coastal ecosystems, we suggest that the present activities significantly degrade the area{\textquoteright}s environment. In 1998, the national government created a marine protected area surrounding the peninsula. Some local authorities and many stakeholders from the nearby communities opposed the designation, fearing a decrease in tourism and stricter control over recreational activities. Two potential alternatives exist for the area: (a) maintaining a traditional system with short-term economic benefits; or (b) choosing an innovative, environmentally sound system of management providing intermediate and long-term economic and environmental benefits.

}, keywords = {awareness, benefit, biodiversity, boating, communication, concertation, conflict, economy, ecosystem, education, environment, history, human impact, impact, Italy, Ligurian Sea, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, Portofino, protected area, stakeholders, tourism, western Mediterranean}, author = {P. Salmona and D. Verardi} } @article {334, title = {Mass mortality event in red coral Corallium rubrum populations in the Provence region (France, NW Mediterranean)}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, volume = {217}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

A mass mortality event of the red coral Corallium rubrum (L.) occurred in the NW Mediterranean region in summer 1999. The main objectives of the present study were to document the mortality suffered by the red coral populations in the Provence region and assess ecological correlates of the mortality which could help to identify the putative agent or agents of the event. The mortality outbreak resulted in partial to complete loss of the coenenchyme. The first observations of red coral mortality in the study area were in early October 1999 and continued until November 1999. To determine the extent of mortality on red coral populations, the incidence (= \% colonies suffering mortality) and the virulence (= \% coenenchyme loss) were quantified. Twelve surveys were carried out from November 1999 to January 2000. A total of 874 colonies of the 2375 observed showed some mortality. Incidence and virulence differed significantly among surveys. In some cases about 80\% of the colonies were affected, while in others only 5\% of colonies showed some mortality. Depth had a strong influence on the incidence of mortality. Shallower populations had the greatest incidence, while populations deeper than 30 m depth showed no mortality. However, virulence was similar in the 10 to 30 m depth range. With regard to habitat, the entrances of caves displayed a significantly higher incidence but not virulence than the interiors. Given the life history traits of red coral (mainly slow growth and low recruitment), it seems that recovery from the outbreak will be a long-term process. However, further studies are urgently required to provide basic information regarding red coral population dynamics as a basis for hypotheses on the actual recovery capability of affected populations. The cause of the mass mortality is unknown. However, during late summer 1999, the NW Mediterranean area affected by the mass mortality event experienced high temperatures and hydrographic stability over a period of several weeks. This temperature anomaly could have caused physiological stress or/and triggered the development of pathogenic agents that otherwise would have remained non-virulent. This hypothesis is reinforced by the absence of signs of mass mortality below 30 m depth in red coral populations. Since the NW Mediterranean seems to be affected by the global warming trend, if the temperature hypothesis is confirmed, the long-term consequences of a repetition of this kind of event could severely endanger the persistence of shallow-water red coral populations.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, Corallium rubrum, dynamic, dynamique des populations, France, global warming, gorgonaire, gorgonian, gu{\'e}rison, habitat, history, impact, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, population dynamic, Provence, r{\'e}chauffement, r{\'e}chauffement global, recovery, sea water temperature, shallow water, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, trend, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {J. Garrabou and T. Perez and S. Sartoretto and J.G. Harmelin} } @article {405, title = {The present status of knowledge on global climatic change; its regional aspects and impacts in the Mediterranean Region}, year = {2001}, edition = {Plan Bleu}, address = {Sophia Antipolis}, abstract = {

Le Plan Bleu a demand\é

}, keywords = {analyse de sc{\'e}nario, approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, changement climatique, climate change, France, impact, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mod{\'e}lisation, modelling, scenario analysis, status}, url = {http://www.planbleu.org/}, author = {Medias France} } @article {322, title = {A review of marine protected areas in the northwestern Mediterranean region: siting, usage, zonation and management}, journal = { Aquatic conservation marine and freshwater ecosystems}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

1. We present in this review a general description of marine protected areas (MPAs) in the northwestern Mediterranean and some general principles for the establishment of protected areas, including their size, location, biotope composition, regulation, and management.2. Many Mediterranean MPAs are located around or adjacent to islands, but the placement ofa marine reserve close to a large urban area is not necessarily a handicap, as has been demonstrated by some examples. It is not, therefore, necessary to restrict future MPAs solely to regions of low human density.3. The conceptual question of MPA size (single large or several small SLOSS debate) has never been explicitly considered in the selection of Mediterranenan MPAs. However, studies of fish recruitment in MPAs, and the development of a network of small MPAs between Spain and France have highlighted the importance and value of small sized MPAs (200-2000 ha).4. Whatever the location of a future MPA, its success as measured in terms of stock restoration will depend on whether (i) sufficient suitable habitat is available, (ii) the variety and abundance of prey species are adequate and (iii) the possibilities for recruitment of the biota are reasonable.5. The initial choices of zonation and legislation regulating the management of any future MPA are of primary importance. The zonation plan should be as simple as possible (gradation of 2 or 3 levels) and it should be acknowledged that the significance of management conflicts within a MPA will be inversely proportional to the extent of preliminary consultations with all of the users, both professional and amateur.6. The examples of semi-protected areas where professional fishing is still allowed demonstrate without ambiguity the negative impact of spear fishing, and the limited impacts from regulated professional activities on fish assemblages. The means of regulating consist essentially of (i) a prohibition of certain type of fishing methods (trawling); and (ii) a limitation of the numbers of fishermen by a system of restriction or authorization.7. In the MPAs examined, there is a great diversity of situations in relation to the size of and distribution of duties between staff assigned to their management. However, the single most important factor underlying whether or not a MPA will be successful and beneficial is the presenceof a dedicated staff.

}, keywords = {assemblage, biotope, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, conflict, Corsica, C{\^o}te Bleue, density, distribution, diversity, fish, fish assemblage, fishery reserve, France, habitat, impact, island, Ligurian Sea, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, national park, natural reserve, network, Port-Cros, protected area, protection, recruitment, regulation, review, Scandola, selection, size, Spain, spear fishing, staff, trawling, value, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {P. Francour and S. Sartoretto and D. Pollard and J-G. Harmelin} } @article {506, title = {Temperature changes and warm-water species in the Ligurian Sea: the case of the ornate wrasse Thalassoma pavo (Linnaeus, 1758)}, journal = {Archo Oceanogr.Limnol.}, volume = {22}, year = {2001}, abstract = {

The ornate wrasse Thalassoma pavo is a small protogynous fish of the family Labridae living in shallow rocky habitats and Posidonia beds. High temperatures in summer are crucial for the sexual maturation of this subtropical species, which is by far more common in the Southern parts of the Mediterranean Sea. In the Ligurian Sea T. pavo was nearly unrecorded, notwithstanding the Ligurian fish fauna is quite well known since the nineteenth century. This labrid has been recorded at Camogli and Portofino in 1902 and 1911, respectively (Tortonese, 1965). No other occurrence is known until 1985 (Relini et al., 1988). Since 1991, adults and juveniles of T. pavo were frequently observed in several localities along both the eastern and western Rivieras. The increased occurrence of the ornate wrasse in the Ligurian Sea in recent years seems to support the hypothesis of Astraldi et al. (1995) of the establishment of true populations of warm-water species in the Ligurian Sea. To verify such hypothesis, a systematic study of the Ligurian populations of T. pavo started in 1996.

}, keywords = {biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, d{\'e}rive septentrionale, esp{\`e}ce d{\textquoteright}eau chaude, fauna, fish, habitat, Italie, Italy, labridae, labrid{\'e}, Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer Ligure, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, north-western Mediterranean, northward shift, poisson, Portofino, r{\'e}chauffement, temperature, Thalassoma pavo, warm-water species, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {M. Vacchi and C. Morri and M. Modena and G. La Mesa and C.N. Bianchi} } @article {476, title = {Transboundary protected areas for peace and co-operation}, year = {2001}, edition = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK.}, address = {Gland}, abstract = {

Protected areas are vital for life on earth. They safeguard biological and cultural diversity, help to improve the livelihoods of local communities, provide the homelands for many indigenous peoples and bring countless benefits to society in general. As the world becomes more crowded, and as the pressures on natural resources increase, so there is a growing recognition of the importance of such places to the future of humankind. But why should particular attention be given to transboundary protected areas - that is, to adjoining protected areas that involve a degree of co-operation across one or more boundaries between (or within) countries?It is now generally understood that conservation planning cannot just be site- specific, but has to be at broader scales, both at national and regional levels. Plants and animals do not recognize national boundaries; nor do many of the forces that threaten them. Clearly, strategies to conserve biodiversity in the 21st century must emphasize transboundary co-operation in relation to shared ecosystems and other conservation concerns.The rationale for this was graphically expressed by Dr Z. Pallo Jordan (then South African Minister of Environmental Affairs and Tourism) in his opening address to the 1997 Cape Town meeting on Transboundary Protected Areas: \"The rivers of Southern Africa are shared by more than one country. Our mountain ranges do not end abruptly because some 19th century politician drew a line on a map. The winds, the oceans, the rain and atmospheric currents do not recognize political frontiers. The earth{\textquoteright}s environment is the common property of all humanity and creation, and what takes place in one country affects not only its neighbours, but many others well beyond its borders\"Many countries have responded to this challenge. As these guidelines report, the numbers of transboundary protected areas have grown rapidly in recent times. In 1988, there were only some 59 groups of adjoining protected areas, separated by national boundaries. By 2001 this had grown to 169, involving 666 individual protected areas. In many cases there were co-operative arrangements in place: true transboundary protectedareas. While this is a welcome trend, there is a need to consolidate this experience.Quite apart from the benefits for biodiversity conservation, transboundary protected areas can also play an important role in fostering better co-operation and understanding between countries. Indeed they may help catalyze the peaceful resolution of disputes. In many parts of the world, transboundary protected areas have been important in building bridges between nations and peoples. But, here too, until recently at least, this experience had not been analysed systematically, nor had the lessons been drawn from it.

}, keywords = {Africa, biodiversity, conservation, cooperation, ecosystem, ocean, protected area, tourism, transboundary cooperation}, author = {T. Sandwith and D. Sheppard and L. Hamilton and C. Shine and A. Phillips} } @article {462, title = {Anomalie thermique dans les eaux du golfe de Marseille durant l{\textquoteright}{\'e}t{\'e} 1999. Une explication partielle de la mortalit{\'e} d{\textquoteright}invert{\'e}br{\'e}s fix{\'e}s ?}, journal = {C.R.Acad.Sci.Life Sciences}, volume = {323}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

Durant l{\textquoteright}\ét\é 1999, une mortalit\é massive d{\textquoteright}invert\ébr\és benthiques fix\és a \ét\é observ\ée en de nombreux points de la c\ôte m\éditerran\éenne fran\çaise

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, France, gorgonaire, gorgonian, invertebrate, invert{\'e}br{\'e}, long-term monitoring, Marseille, Marseilles, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e}, mortalit{\'e} massive, north-western Mediterranean, Provence, r{\'e}chauffement, sea water temperature, s{\'e}rie temporelle, sponge, spongiaire, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, time serie, vent, warming, western Mediterranean, wind}, author = {J.C. Romano and N. Bensoussan and W.A.N. Younes and D. Arlhac} } @article {365, title = {Biological consequences of global warming: is the signal already}, journal = { Tree}, volume = {15}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

Increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are expected to have significant impacts on the world{\textquoteright}s climate on a timescale of decades to centuries. Evidence from long-term monitoring studies is now accumulating and suggests that the climate of the past few decades is anomalous compared with past climate variation, and that recent climatic and atmospheric trends are already affecting species physiology, distribution and phenology.

}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate, climate change, community structure, distribution, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, global warming, impact, long-term monitoring, monitoring, ph{\'e}nologie, phenology, physiologie, r{\'e}chauffement, r{\'e}chauffement global, species distribution, structure des communaut{\'e}s, trend, warming}, author = {L. Hughes} } @article {290, title = {A catastrophic mass-mortality episode of gorgonians and other organisms in the Ligurian Sean (north-western Meditteranean), summer 1999}, journal = {Ecology Letters}, volume = {3}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

In the late summer 1999, an extensive mortality of gorgonians and other epibenthic organisms was observed in the Ligurian Sea (Mediterranean Sea) from the Tuscan Archipelago to Marseilles. Quantitative data from Tino Island and Portofino Promontory indicated that the proportion of affected gorgonians ranged from 60\% to 100\% in populations having a density of 9-27.8 colonies/m\², suggesting that millions of sea fans died along the coast of Liguria. This mass mortality episode coincided with a sudden increase of sea water temperature down to more than 50 m depth. Laboratory analyses showed that the colonies stressed by high temperature also underwent extensive attack by microrganisms (protozoans and fungi), which are interpreted as opportunistic pathogens.

}, keywords = {benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, gorgonaire, gorgonian, {\^\i}le du Tino, Italie, Italy, Ligurian Sea, Marseille, Marseilles, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer Ligure, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, pathogen, pathog{\`e}ne, Portofino, sea water temperature, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, Tino island, western Mediterranean}, author = {Cerrano and Bavestrello and Bianchi and Cattaneo-Vietti and Bava and Morganti and Morri and Picco and Sara and Schiaparelli and Siccardi and Sponga} } @article {457, title = {Coral mortality in NW Mediterranean}, journal = {Coral Reefs}, volume = {19}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

In the Gulf of La Spezia (Italy, NW Mediterranean) we observed mortality of two common zooxanthellate species indigenous to the Mediterranean: Balanophyllia europaea and Cladocora caespitosa (Zibrowius 1980). The former is a solitary species; the latter is colonial and may form sizeable colonies.

}, keywords = {Balanophyllia europaea, benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, Cladocora caespitosa, climate change, coral, coral reef, Italie, Italy, mass mortality, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, r{\'e}cif coralien, scleractinian}, author = {R. Rodolfo-Metalpa and C.N. Bianchi and A. Peirano} } @article {255, title = {Cultural and socio-economic impacts of Mediterranean marine protected areas}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, year = {2000}, chapter = {110-125}, abstract = {

Marine protected areas (MPAs) may be important for protecting the marine environment, but they may also have substantial socio-cultural impacts about which very little is currently known, or acknowledged. In the Mediterranean, few data are available on the socioeconomic consequences of MPAs. The present study reviews the existing data on MPAs in Spain, France, Italy and Greece. A general increase in tourist activities in Mediterranean MPAs is evident, as are increases in the abundances of larger fish species, although there are no data indicating yields for fisheries increase adjacent to MPAs. A large increase in the number of divers and vessels using MPAs has already had impacts on natural benthic communities as a result of diver damage, mooring and the feeding of large fish by divers. Emphasis has been given in only a few MPAs to promoting public awareness of these impacts. Although the conservation of nature should be considered the fundamental objective of MPAs, neglecting their social, cultural and economic impacts has at times led to poor local consensus, if not hostility. We believe that planning and managing MPAs should be conducted on a multidisciplinary basis. Nonetheless, no single model can be considered valid for the whole Mediterranean. The very variable characteristics of coastal areas, from those of small uninhabited islands to those of cities, require different weightings to be assigned for each factor in order to achieve a durable equilibrium and realize the original objectives of each MPA. Only with such flexibility of management will it be possible to reach a greater understanding of the MPA system and create a lasting consensus in favour of conservation, a consensus which would mean an overwhelming majority of people actively avoiding damaging nature and preventing others from doing so.

}, keywords = {awareness, conservation, eastern Mediterranean, environment, fish, fishery, France, Greece, impact, Italy, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, mooring, protected area, review, scuba-diving, socioeconomic aspects, Spain, tourism, western Mediterranean}, author = {Badalamenti and Ramos and Voultsiadou and Sanchez Lizaso and D{\textquoteright}Anna and Pipitone and Ruiz Fernandez and Whitmarsh and Roggio} } @article {474, title = {Density dependence in marine protected populations: a review}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, volume = {27}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

The cessation or reduction of fishing in marine protected areas (MPAs) should promote an increase in abundance and mean size and age of previously exploited populations. Thus density-dependent changes in life-history characteristics should occur when populations are allowed to recover in MPAs. In this review, we synthesize the existing information on resource limitation in marine ecosystems, density-dependent changes in life-history traits of exploited populations and evidence for biomass export from MPAs. Most evidence for compensatory changes in biological variables has been derived from observations on populations depleted by high fishing mortality or on strong year classes, but these changes are more evident in juveniles than in adults and in freshwater rather than in marine systems. It is unclear if adults of exploited marine populations are resource limited. This may suggest that exploited populations are controlled mainly by density-independent processes, which could be a consequence of the depleted state of most exploited populations. MPAs could be a useful tool for testing these hypotheses. If we assume that resources become limiting inside MPAs, it is plausible that, if suitable habitats exist, mobile species will search for resources outside of the MPAs, leading to export of biomass to areas which are fished. However, it is not possible to establish from the available data whether this export will be a response to resource limitation inside the MPAs, the result of random movements across MPA boundaries or both. We discuss the implications of this process for the use of MPAs as fisheries management tools.

}, keywords = {biomass, boundary, Cabrera, Campello, carrying capacity, Castellamare, Columbretes, Corsica, C{\^o}te Bleue, density, ecosystem, fish abundance, fish density, fishery, fishing prohibition, France, habitat, Italy, labridae, Ligurian Sea, management, management tool, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, mortality, movement, population, protected area, review, rocky shore, Scandola, serranidae, Sicilia, size, Spain, sparidae, spillover, Tabarca, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {J-L. Sanchez-Lizaso and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and O. Renones and R. Goni and J-A. Garcia-Charton and R. Galzin and J-T. Bayle and P. Sanchez-Jerez and A-A. Ramos} } @proceedings {286, title = {Donn{\'e}es nouvelles sur des {\'e}l{\'e}ments du macro benthos marin de Tunisie}, journal = {Briand,F}, year = {2000}, publisher = {CIESM}, address = {Monaco}, abstract = {

Des missions de prospections du macro benthos littoral (1) des eaux tunisiennes, entreprises depuis Avril 1999, dans 50 stations diff{\'e}rentes, ont permit de constater des d{\'e}s{\'e}quilibres {\'e}cologiques au niveau de certaines bioc{\'e}noses benthiques. Ce travail a permit de mettre en {\'e}vidence des mortalit{\'e}s importantes chez les gorgonaires et quelques {\'e}ponges sp{\'e}cialement dans la r{\'e}gion du Cap Bon et

}, keywords = {benthos, bioc{\'e}nose, Cap Bon, circalittoral, climate change, cnidaire, gorgonaire, infralittoral, littoral, mortalit{\'e}, sponge, spongiaire, Tabarka, temperature, Tunisie}, author = {Ben Mustapha and El Abed} } @article {448, title = {Effects of marine protected areas on recruitment processes with special reference to Mediterranean littoral ecosystems}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, volume = {27}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

The aim of the study was to review concepts and field evidence for the effectiveness of MPAs in enhancing recruitment of targeted species.Although site-attached fish can be expected to increase in abundance in marine protected areas (MPAs), there is little known about recruitment effects. The present work reviews concepts and field evidence for enhancement of recruitment of species in MPAs, focusing geographically on the Mediterranean littoral because of its long history of intensive fishery exploitation, but drawing on evidence from studies on recruitment processes in general on MPAs both in the Mediterranean and elsewhere. We considered recruitment as the process of a fish being added to the local population. The general questions of interest are whether the increase in biomass of species protected in MPAs has an effect on recruitment in the MPAs or in neighbouring areas, and, on competition and predation effects on new recruits. A flow diagram of the effects of MPA status on recruitment is developed and employed to identify the relevant processes. The diagram incorporates three levels of factors: (1) characteristics of MPAs (location, size, habitat type, oceanography and level of protection); (2) life stages of species protected in MPAs relevant to recruitment (eggs, larvae, settlers and juveniles); and (3) fundamental processes of dispersal/movement, predation and competition. From this conceptual diagram, the following main components of the recruitment process were identified and used to structure the review: (1) relationship between the ecology of pelagic stages and the design, location and oceanographic regime of MPAs; (2) effects of protection in MPAs from fishery exploitation of nursery habitats on settlement success; and (3) effects of protection on survival of settlers and juveniles from competition and predation. We found an exceptionally low number of studies specifically addressing recruitment processes in MPAs. This was particularly the case in what concerns the relationship between larval ecology and the characteristics and oceanographic regime of MPAs. The effectiveness of MPAs in promoting recruitment mainly depends on the locations and on sizes of the MPAs in relation to the reproductive biology and larval ecology of the species concerned. The locations and sizes of MPAs in turn depend on MPA objectives, whether the purpose is to protect entire life cycles, the juveniles, or to increase egg production and larval export. The assessment of the relationship between the protection of nursery habitats and settlement success indicates that the magnitude of the effects of protection depends on whether the recruitment of the species involved is restricted to a narrowly-defined set of environmental conditions or, on the contrary, can occur in diverse environments, including areas beyond the influence of the MPAs. Thus, the locations of MPAs determine the habitats which are protected and, consequently, the species, the settlement of which will be favoured. For Mediterranean shallow-water species, the nearshore zone encompasses most of the essential nursery habitats for protection. Recruitment studies conducted in MPAs in the north-western Mediterranean have showed no differences in survival of newly-settled littoral fish between MPAs and the areas outside of them. Conversely, for older recruits, mortality was found to be higher inside MPAs, probably due to the increased abundance and size of large predators. This study highlights the almost total absence of studies addressing even the most elementary questions of recruitment in the specific context of MPAs.

}, keywords = {assessment, biology, biomass, boundary, coastal zone, connectivity, design, ecology, ecosystem, effectiveness, egg and larval export, environment, fish, fishery, habitat, history, littoral, lobster, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, mortality, nursery, oceanography, population, predation, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, recruitment, review, seagrass, size, tourism}, author = {S. Planes and A. Quetglas and P. Lenfant and L. Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h and J-G. Harmelin and R. Goni and A. Garcia Rubies and R. Galzin} } @article {363, title = {Evaluating Effectiveness: A Framework for Assessing the Management of Protected Areas}, year = {2000}, edition = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK}, address = {Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK.}, abstract = {

The report proposes a framework for assessing management effectiveness. This is not presented as a straitjacket into which every assessment system should fall . We recognise the need for a variety of responses depending on needs and resources. The framework also includes suggested tools which can be used as the basis for developing an assessment methodology. We hope therefore that this report will lead to more effective management of protected areas by helping professionals and others who wish to assess management of protected areas to develop the most appropriate evaluation and monitoring system for their circumstances. It will also be easier for comparison between sites, sharing lessons learned and maximising the benefits of evaluations if there is some consistency in approach and adherence to some basic operational guidelines.Part A of the guidelines sets out the theoretical and methodological aspects of the suggested framework. While conceptually the system has potential universal application, it is intended for adaptation to a wide range of circumstances, from those in wealthy countries with access to sophisticated systems of recording and accounting, to those in much poorer countries where simpler approaches are necessary.Part B contains six case studies that demonstrate the practical application of a range of evaluative approaches in management of protected areas in Australia, the Congo Basin, and Central America and South America.

}, keywords = {assessment, benefit, comparison, effectiveness, guidelines, indicator, management, methodology, monitoring, partnership, protected area, scale, stakeholders, trend}, author = {M. Hocking and N. Dudley and S. Stolton} } @article {330, title = {Evaluation the ecological effects of Mediterranean marine protected areas: habitat, scale and the natural variability of ecocsystems}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

The capacity to detect and predict the responses fo marine populations ans communities to the establishment of MPA depends on the ability to distinguish between the influences of management and natural variability due to the effects of factors other tha, protection. Thus, it is important to understand and uantify the magnitude and range of this natural variability at each scale of observation. here we review the scale of responses of target populations and communoties to protectection within Mediterranean MPAs, agianst compare those with documented cases from other temperate ans tropical marine ecosystems. Additionally, we approach the problem of the relative importance of habiata structure, considered as a set of biological and physical elements of the seascape hierarchically arranged in space at multiple scales, to drive natural variability. We conclude that much more effort has to be made to characterize heterogeneity in relation to Mediterranean MPAs, and to quantify and explain relationships between target species ans their habitats as sources of such variability. These studies should be based on sound sampling designs, which (1) generate long-term data sets, and would ideally (2) be based in a Mediterranean-wied comparaison of a number of protected ans unprotected localities, (3) ne designed from a multi-scaled perspective, and (4) control for factors other tha protection, on order to avoid their confoundinf effects. The need for appropriate spatial and temporal replication, nested designs and power analysis is advocated.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, Cabo de Palos-Islas Hormigas, Cape Bear, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, C{\^o}te Bleue, design, ecosystem, effectiveness, establishment, Falaguer, fish, France, habitat, heterogeneity, island, labridae, Ligurian Sea, management, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, nested design, population, Port-Cros, protected area, protection, review, scale, Scandola, seascape, serranidae, Spain, sparidae, spatial heterogeneity, temporal heterogeneity, Tremiti, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {J-A. Garcia-Charton and A. Koukouras and M-S. Kitsos and C. Marcos and R. Chemello and M. Milazzo and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa and L-D. Williams and S. Riggio} } @article {320, title = {Evolution spatio-temporelle}, journal = { Cybium}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

From 1989 to 1999, fish assemblages were sampled by a non desctructive visual census method in Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds of the Scandola marine reserve. Censuses were carried out at 13 stations belonging to 3 sectors: outside the reserve (no protection), non integral reserve (professional fishermen allowed with special permit) and integral reserve (no take area). The species richness by transect and mean density exhibited yearly fluctuations, but over the decade, were less variable in protected sectors that in the non protected sector. The level of variation of total fish assemblage density is lower than those of the main families (Labridae, Sparidae and Serranidae). The long-lived species (e.g., Serranus scriba) displayed lower density variations, i.e., higher inertia, that short-lived species (e.g., Symphodus ocellatus). The resilience of the assemblage (buffer effect) was not affected by spatial heterogeneity, but is related to the level of protection. The higher densities of predator in protected seagrass beds (e.g., Serranidae) and in bordering rocky areas could involve a higher predation pressure upon Posidonia oceanica fish assemblage. The buffer effect may be linked to this increase in predation pressure and fishing prohibition. While long-term data are scarce, available information suggests that, due to protection inside marine protected area, fish assemblages of seagrass beds might be relatively resilient to environmental perturbations. This study highlights the necessity of long-term surveys to support pertinent conclusions on the dynamics of coastal fish assemblages.

}, keywords = {assemblage, buffer zone, census, comparison, Corsica, density, fish, fish assemblage, fishing prohibition, France, herbier, heterogeneity, integral reserve, labridae, Ligurian Sea, long-term monitoring, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, no-take area, Posidonia oceanica, predation, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, r{\'e}serve naturelle, Scandola, seagrass, serranidae, sparidae, spatial heterogeneity, species richness, visual census, zoning}, author = {P. Francour} } @article {318, title = {Financing protected areas}, year = {2000}, edition = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK.}, address = {Gland}, abstract = {

Despite their universal appeal for recreation, tourism, conservation and ecosystem services, few if any natural protected areas in the world enjoy a fully funded status. This imposes limits both on the conservation programmes which can be undertaken and the services which can be offered to visitors. With more resources more can always be done.The aim of these Guidelines is to provide protected area managers with information about financing their protected areas and where to look for finance beyond existing sources. Access to funds is becoming increasingly important for effective management, so these Guidelines should be of growing value. Protected area financing is now core business for protected area managers, and the body of knowledge is rapidly expanding. As protected area managers come to grips with the challenge of financing their protected areas, case studies and written material will be developed which add to the collective body of knowledge. Whether positive or negative, such experience is an important learning tool and should be made available for others. Accordingly these Guidelines will be updated as new material becomes available; and updates and new case studies will be made available at the website.Part A of these guidelines has covered a lot of ground which may be difficult and new to some protected area managers. This summary reviews the lessons covered in this guide and suggests how managers can get started in securing more sustainable financing for their protected areas.The first step is to recognise that protected areas exist for a number of reasons which are embedded in a culture and tradition which respects and seeks to preserve nature and our natural surroundings. This ethic is reflected in the management strategies of protected areas and should be respected in every action which is taken to secure sustainable financing. Financial sustainability means nothing if the core aspects of theprotected area are not maintained. On the other hand, the core aspects of the protected area cannot be maintained in the absence of sufficient financing. Thus, the business and financial plans are embedded in the management plan, but the management plan relies on a successful business and financial plan. The protected area manager needs to recognise and clearly state the core mission and objectives of the protected area and the main financial needs for maintaining the area. He or she can then identify the range of potential customers who are willing to pay for thegoods and services they derive from the protected area. These customers may either directly or indirectly use the protected area; they range from neighbouring communities to global stakeholders. When these customer groups have been identified, the protected area manager needs to consider how their needs should be addressed and how they can contribute financially to maintaining the protected area.The protected area manager should then draw this information together into a business plan, which includes additional elements such as a market analysis and strategy, and a detailed financial plan. The financial plan sets out how much the protected area expects to make from the products it sells, a realistic timeline for achieving profits, the risks involved in pursuing a particular product line, and how the cash flow from the sales ofgoods and services will match the cash needs of the protected area management plan.

}, keywords = {conservation, Costa Rica, ecosystem, financement, management, New Zealand, protected area, tourism}, author = {A. Phillips} } @book {456, title = {Fully-protected marine reserves: a guide}, year = {2000}, publisher = {WWF Endangered Seas Campaign}, organization = {WWF Endangered Seas Campaign}, edition = {WWF}, address = {USA and Environment Department, University of York}, abstract = {

Fully-protected marine reserves are areas of the sea completely protected from fishing and other extractive or harmful human uses. The aim of this information pack is to summarize the scientific case for fully-protected reserves in a way that is easily understood by everyone. Our objective in producing it is to speed up the process of translating scientific research into action. The pack is particularly aimed towards people who need information to inform and persuade others of the benefits of reserves. They include, for example, those working to set up community-based management of marine resources, park or fishery managers, and policy makers.In addition to explaining the theory behind fully-protected reserves this book is also intended as a practical guide. The main text of the book provides much of the background to reserves. This is supplemented by a series of case studies showing some of the most interesting reserves from around the world.This book has a global focus and we will show how reserves can work in any region from cold water to warm. Reserves are also usually portrayed as only benefitting animals that stay put. We explore ways in which they can work for both migratory and site-attached species. We start by asking why reserves should be protected from fishing and review the evidence to support these claims. Throughout the book we consistently highlight the conservation and economic benefits of reserves. We try to answer commonly-asked practical questions such as how large fully-protected zones should be, where they should be placed and how they can be enforced. We also aim to stimulate further questioning which can help advance everybody{\textquoteright}s appreciation and understanding of reserves.Key points:- Less than half a percent of the seas lie within marine protected areas, and most of them are under-resourced, poorly managed and offer little protection.- Perhaps only one ten thousandth of the oceans are protected from all forms of fishing.- Fully-protected reserves, areas closed to fishing, extractive or harmful uses, are powerful management tools. There is an urgent need to establish more to reverse species losses and habitat destruction.- Fully-protected reserves represent a precautionary, ecosystem-based approach to management.

}, keywords = {benefit, conservation, economy, establishment, fishery, fishery impact, guidelines, habitat, management, management tool, marine protected area, no-take area, ocean, policy, protected area, protection, recreation, research, review, scale, scuba-diving, size, spillover, tourism}, author = {C-M. Roberts and J-P. Hawkins} } @book {315, title = {Guidelines for Protected Area Management Categories}, year = {2000}, edition = {EUROPARC Federation}, address = {Grafenau, Germany}, abstract = {

The purpose of these guidelines is to establish greater understanding among all concerned about the different categories of protected areas. A central principle upon which the guidelines are based is that categories should be defined by the objectives of management, not by the title of the area nor by the effectiveness of management in meeting those objectives. The matter of management effectiveness certainly needs to be addressed, but it is not seen as an issue of categorisation.It is hoped that these guidelines will be used widely by those planning to set up new protected areas, and by those reviewing existing ones. They are designed to form a useful basis for preparing national protected areas systems plans. It is to be emphasized that these categories must in no way be considered as a {\textquoteright}driving{\textquoteright} mechanism for governments or organizations in deciding the purposes of potential protected areas. Protected areas should be established to meet objectives consistent with national, local or private goals and needs (or amixture of these) and only then be labelled with an IUCN category according to the management objectives developed herein. These categories have been developed to facilitate communication and information, not to drive the system.These present guidelines, therefore, represent the culmination of an extensive process involving a wideranging review within the protected area constituency over a number of years. The opinions of those involved have been many. Some have recommended radical changes from the 1978 guidance; others no change whatsoever. Some have urged that there be regional versions of the guidelines; others that the categories be rigidly adhered to everywhere.The conclusion is guidelines which: adhere to the principles set forth in 1978 and reaffirmed in the task force report in 1990;- update the 1978 guidelines to reflect the experience gained over the years in operating the categories system;- retain the first five categories, while simplifying the terminology and layout;- add a new category;- recognise that the system must be sufficiently flexible to accommodate the complexities of the real world;- illustrate each of the six categories with a number of brief case studies to show how the categories are being applied around the world; and- provide a tool for management, not a restrictive prescription.

}, keywords = {category, communication, effectiveness, guidelines, management, management tool, planning, protected area, review, stakeholders}, author = {EUROPARC and IUCN World Conservation Union} } @book {343, title = {Introductory guide to methods for selected ecological studies in marine reserves}, year = {2000}, publisher = {G.I.S. PosidonieParc Scientifique et Technologique de LuminyCase 901}, organization = {G.I.S. PosidonieParc Scientifique et Technologique de LuminyCase 901}, address = {Marseille}, abstract = {

The present Guide was prepared in the framework of the ECOMARE project, a concerted action of the European Community Marine Science and Technology Programme (MAST III) concerned with the ecological effects of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in the Mediterranean. The overall aim of ECOMARE was to unite and coordinate the efforts of a broad group of research teams involved in assessing the effects of protection (cessation of fishing) in Mediterranean littoral ecosystems. The specific objectives of this project were:- To establish the state of knowledge of the responses of marine communities to protective measures in Mediterranean littoral ecosystems;- To identify the main research needs and steps forward to progress from the assessment of effects on exploited populations to the assessment of effects at the ecosystem level;- To review and recommend working methodologies so that future investigations could be carried out in a coordinated and comparable manner.The second objective lead to the identification of three priority areas for future research in Mediterranean marine reserves: assessing biomass export from MPAs, assessing impacts of human activities in MPAs, and studying indirect effects of protection (e.g., fishurchin- algae interactions). The third objective lead to the preparation of the present guide on recommended methods for future research, with chapters addressing each of these priorities.The aim of this guide is not to describe each method in depth, but rather to present them briefly, with their advantages and limitations, and to provide references for further reading.

}, keywords = {algae, assessment, biomass, census, depth, ecosystem, fish, fish assemblage, grazing, habitat, human impact, impact, littoral, management tool, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, methodology, monitoring, mooring, population, predation, protected area, protection, protection measure, research, review, sea urchin}, author = {R. Goni and G. Bernard and L. Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h and F. Badalamenti and M. Harmelin-Vivien} } @book {472, title = {Marine and Coastal Protected Areas : A Guide for Planners and Managers Third Edition}, year = {2000}, publisher = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK}, organization = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK}, edition = {IUCN and Natural Resources; IUCN}, abstract = {

This book is addressed mainly to conservation of the natural resources of tropical coasts and seas. To facilitate its use as a sourcebook, the volume is arranged in three parts.Part I introduces Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) as an important approach to managing coastal and marine resources, discussing in its six sections: roles of MPAs, site planning, community involvement, systematic selection of MPAs, strategies and tools for planning and managing MPAs, and the legal basis of MPAs.Part II considers principles and mechanisms for planning and managing protected areas in four different environments: coral reefs, estuaries and lagoons, small islands, and beaches. Emphasis is on technical knowledge about particular habitats and how this knowledge is used to meet management objectives. We recognize that many MPAs are composed of two or more of these environments but the guidance for each can be combined in the MPA plan.Part III presents case histories covering a wide variety of MPA experience around the world to help protected area planners and managers carry out their tasks. The emphasis in each case history is on lessons learned that are of wide application. E-mail addresses of the authors are given to assist the reader in following up on case details. A \"Guide to the Cases\" is presented to enhance the reader{\textquoteright}s search for relevant items.In the selection of materials for this book we have given priority to the types of resource conservation problems faced by MPA planners and managers in subtropical and tropical countries where the need for assistance appears to be the greatest.In Parts I and II most of the material is based on written sources for which the specific references are listed alphabetically with date of publication in Part IV, References. Case Histories are individually referenced.

}, keywords = {awareness, beach, benefit, biodiversity, boundary, business, category, coastal zone, concertation, conservation, convention, design, education, enforcement, environment, establishment, evaluation, GIS, guidelines, habitat, history, indicator, island, lagoon, l{\'e}gislation, management, management tool, mapping, marine protected area, methodology, monitoring, planning, policy, protected area, protection, recreation, reefs, research, restoration, r{\^o}le, selection, size, socioeconomic aspects, stakeholders, surveillance, sustainable development, sustainable tourism, threat, tourism, wetland, zoning}, author = {R-V. Salm and E. Siirila and J-R. Clark} } @article {283, title = {Marine Protected Areas: challenges and opportunities for understanding and conserving coastal marine ecosystems}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, volume = {106-109}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

The reviews identify three issues of key importance to the development and success of MPAs for conservation and management. First, MPAs hold strong promise for management and conservation objectives, but the historical pattern of haphazard design, implementation, enforcement and evaluation has often produced equivocal and sometimes contradicting evidence for both their ecological effects and their effectiveness at achieving their intended objectives. Second, our understanding of many of the critical population and community processes that bear greatly on the consequences of this approach (e.g. dispersal, recruitment, direct and indirect effects of competition and predation) suffers from a lack of strong empirical studies and a comprehensive theoretical framework. Third, the global growth of interest in MPAs and concern for rapid development of organized systems of MPAs is great. Taken together, these three issues identify an urgent need for a well-developed theoretical framework, more rigorous empirical studies motivated and directed by theory, and actual implementation of systems of MPAs that will allow for proper evaluation and an evolution toward optimal design.There remain many challenges to managers, conservation scientists (biologists, ecologists and social scientists), and economists for designing, implementing and evaluating networks of MPAs.Because of the open nature of most populations and communities of coastal marine species, dispersal of reproductive propagules is critical to the objectives, design and evaluation of any MPAAnother fundamental objective for ecologists will be to predict the consequences of MPA protection, relative to continued exploitation, on the structure, dynamics and function of populations, communities and ecosystems.The complexity of ecosystems targeted for protection by MPAs create real challenges for evaluating their effectiveness for achieving desired conservation or fisheries goals.

}, keywords = {coastal zone, comparison, conservation, design, ecosystem, effectiveness, enforcement, fishery, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, network, population, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, recruitment, review, stakeholders, unprotected area}, author = {M-H} } @article {440, title = {Mortalit{\'e} massive d{\textquoteright}invert{\'e}br{\'e}s marins : un {\'e}v{\'e}nement sans pr{\'e}c{\'e}dent en M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale}, journal = {C.R.Acad.Sci.Life Sciences}, volume = {323}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

Un \év\énement de mortalit\é massive sans pr\éc\édent en M\éditerran\ée a \ét\é observ\é

}, keywords = {anthozoa, benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, cnidaire, cnidarian, corail, diversit{\'e}, France, global warming, gorgonaire, gorgonian, invertebrate, invert{\'e}br{\'e}, Italie, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e}, mortalit{\'e} massive, north-western Mediterranean, pathogen, pathog{\`e}ne, porifera, Provence, r{\'e}chauffement, r{\'e}chauffement global, sea water temperature, sponge, spongiaire, surveillance, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {T. Perez and J. Garrabou and S. Sartoretto and J.G. Harmelin and P. Francour and J. Vacelet} } @article {446, title = {Trophic cascades in benthic marine ecosystems: lessons for fisheries and protected-area management}, journal = {Environmental Conservation}, volume = {27}, year = {2000}, abstract = {

An important principle of environmental science is that changes in single components of systems are likely to have consequences elsewhere in the same systems. In the sea, food web data are one of the few foundations for predicting such indirect effects, whether of fishery exploitation or following recovery in marine protected areas (MPAs). We review the available literature on one type of indirect interaction in benthic marine ecosystems, namely trophic cascades, which involve three or more trophic levels connected by predation. Because many indirect effects have been revealed through fishery exploitation, in some cases we include humans as trophic levels. Our purpose is to establish how widespread cascades might be, and infer how likely they are to affect the properties of communities following the implementation of MPAs or intensive resource exploitation. We review 39 documented cascades (eight of which include humans as a trophic level) from 21 locations around the world; all but two of the cascades are from shallow systems underlain by hard substrata (kelp forests, rocky subtidal, coral reefs and rocky intertidal). We argue that these systems are well represented because they are accessible and also amenable to the type of work that is necessary. Nineteen examples come from the central-eastern and north-eastern Pacific, while no well-substantiated benthic cascades have been reported from the NE, CE or S Atlantic, the Southern Oceans, E Indian Ocean or NW Pacific. The absence of examples from those zones is probably due to lack of study. Sea urchins are very prominent in the subtidaL examples, and gastropods, especially limpets, in the intertidal examples; we suggest that this may reflect their predation by fewer specialist predators than is the case with fishes, but also their conspicuousness to investigators. The variation in ecological resolution amongst studies, and in intensity of study amongst systems and regions, indicates that more cascades will likely be identified in due course. Broadening the concept of cascades to include pathogenic interactions would immediately increase the number of examples. The existing evidence is that cascade effects are to be expected when hard-substratum systems are subject to artisanal resource exploitation, but that the particular problems of macroalgal overgrowth on Caribbean reefs and the expansion of coralline barrens in the Mediterranean rocky-sublittoral will not be readily reversed in MPAs, probably because factors other than predation-based cascades have contributed to them in the first place. More cascade effects are likely to be found in the soft-substratum systems that are crucial to so many large-scale fisheries, when opportunities such as those of MPAs and fishing gradients become available for study of such systems, and the search is widened to less conspicuous focal organisms such as polychaetes and crustaceans.

}, keywords = {Atlantic, Carribean, ecosystem, fishery, fishery impact, food web, forest, Indian ocean, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, ocean, Pacific, predation, protected area, reefs, review, rocky shore, sea urchin, trophic cascad}, author = {J.K. Pinnegar and M. Zabala and B. Hereu and M. Harmelin-Vivien and R. Chemello and F. Badalamenti and P. Francour and N-V-C. Polunin and G. D{\textquoteright}Anna and C. Pipitone} } @article {328, title = {Ecological heterogeneity and the evaluation of the effects of marine reserves}, journal = {Fisheries Research}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

In recent decades marine reserves have been established throughout the world as a management tool for compensating the effects of overfishing on coastal marine stocks. Despite the growing literature about the expected response of populations and communities to protection from fisheries, and the number of studies measuring some of these effects, most of the mechanisms supposed to work in a marine reserve have not yet been empirically demonstrated. One of the main difficulties ecologists have to face when approaching this problem is the inherent spatial and temporal heterogeneity of ecosystems. This paper reviews the relevant literature and addresses the influence of physical environment (or habitat structure) on ecological processes occurring at the individual, population, and community / ecosystem levels of organization. It evaluates how the responses confound the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}reserve effect{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright} with some aspect of the {\textquoteleft}{\textquoteleft}habitat effect{\textquoteright}{\textquoteright}. Finally, it proposes some practical considerations for improving the methods aiming to evaluate the effect of protection in the face of heterogeneity, illustrated with some examples taken from our studies on Mediterranean rocky reef fish assemblages, and argues that a multiscaled, hierarchical approach to this problem (the seascape perspective) should be adopted as an integrating principle when designing a research program aiming to understand the way marine reserves work as fisheries management tools.

}, keywords = {assemblage, autocorrelation, ecosystem, environment, fish, fish assemblage, fishery, habitat, heterogeneity, management, management tool, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, methodology, nested design, population, protection, reef fish assemblage, research, review, scale, seascape, spatial heterogeneity, temporal heterogeneity}, author = {J-A. Garcia-Charton and A. P{\'e}rez-Ruzafa} } @article {360, title = {Emerging marine diseases - Climate links and anthropogenic factors - 53}, journal = {Science}, volume = {285}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

Mass mortalities due to disease outbreaks have recently affected major taxa in the oceans. For closely monitored groups like corals and marine mammals, reports of the frequency of epidemics and the number of new diseases have increased recently. A dramatic global increase in the severity of coral bleaching in 1997-98 is coincident with high El Nino temperatures. Such climate-mediated, physiological stresses may compromise host resistance and increase frequency of opportunistic diseases. Where documented, new diseases typically have emerged through host or range shifts of known pathogens. Both climate and human activities may have also accelerated global transport of species, bringing together pathogens and previously unexposed host populations.

}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate, climate change, coral, disease, El Nino, mammal, mass mortality, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, ocean, pathogen, pathog{\`e}ne, physiologie, temperature, transport}, author = {C.D. Harvell and K. Kim and J.M. Burkholder and R.R. Colwell and P.R. Epstein and D.J. Grimes and E.E. Hofmann and E.K. Lipp and A.D.M.E. Osterhaus and R.M. Overstreet and J.W. Porter and G.W. Smith and G.R. Vasta} } @article {265, title = {Functioning of the Mediterranean Sea: past and present changes related to freshwater input and climate changes}, journal = {Journal of Marine Systems}, volume = {20}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

Mediterranean functioning is linked to continental climate and more particularly to freshwater budget across its surface. In the sediment of the eastern basin, the sapropel layers are signatures of variations in hydrology and climate that have occurred over the last half million years. They may be used to investigate the probable evolutions following global climatic change, and particularly the sensitivity of marine dynamics to freshwater input variations. At the present time, in the water column of the eastern and western basins, there are changes in hydrology originating in evolutions in heat and water budgets across the sea surface. With respect to the water budget of the Mediterranean, some evolutions have occurred as a result of the anthropogenic use of freshwater, and consequently, environmental driving forces must also be considered alongside climatic factors. Marine variations may be used as constraints for the quantification of probable evolutions in external driving forces at the scale of a whole basin. As an example, the previously developed 20-box model provides an explanation for the increasing trends of temperature and salinity observed in the western deep water over the 1960-1996 period by accounting for changes in freshwater and heat budgets, reaching 0.1 m yry1 and 1.5 W my2, respectively, in 1995 over the Mediterranean.

}, keywords = {budget de chaleur et d{\textquoteright}eau, changement climatique, climate, climate change, deep water, dynamic, dynamique, {\'e}volution de la temp{\'e}rature et de la salinit{\'e}, heat and water budgets, Mediterranean sea, salinity, temperature, temperature and salinity trends, trend}, author = {Bethoux and Gentili} } @article {305, title = {Limiting abuse: marine protected areas, a limited solution}, journal = {Ecological Economies}, year = {1999}, abstract = {

Designation of marine protected areas (MPAs) is increasing as humans seek to combat overexploitation of marine resources and preserve the integrity of the ocean{\textquoteright}s unique biodiversity. At present there are over 1300 MPAs. The primary legal responsibility for the designation of MPAs falls to individual countries, but protection of the marine environment at large scales is also critical because ocean circulation does not honor legal boundaries and often exceeds the influence of any one nation or group of nations. There are many reasons for establishing MPAs; the papers we surveyed principally referred to scientific, economic, cultural, and ethical factors. Two approaches predominated: fisheries management and habitat protection. Although the major threat to terrestrial systems is habitat loss, the major threats to the world{\textquoteright}s oceans are fisheries overexploitation, coastal development, and chemical and biological pollution. MPAs may provide conservation of formerly exploited species as well as benefits to the fishery through leakage of {\textquoteright}surplus{\textquoteright} adults (spillover) and larvae (larval replenishment) across reserve boundaries. Higher order effects, such as changes in species richness or changes in community structure and function, have only been superficially explored. Because many MPAs are along coastlines, within shipping lanes, and near human centers of activity, the chance of chemical and biological pollution is high. Use of MPAs to combat development and pollution is not appropriate, because MPAs do not have functional boundaries. The ocean is a living matrix carrying organisms as well as particles and therefore even relatively environmentally sensitive uses of coastal ecosystems can degrade ecosystem structure and function via increasing service demands (e.g. nutrient and toxics transformation) and visitation. Whether an MPA is effective is a function of the initial objectives, the level of enforcement, and its design. Single reserves need to be large and networked to accommodate bio-physical patterns of larval dispersal and recruitment. Some authors have suggested that reserve size needs to be extremely large - 50-90\% of total habitat - to hedge against the uncertainties of overexploitation. On a local scale, marine protected areas can be effective conservation tools. On a global scale, MPAs can only be effective if they are substantively representative of all biogeographic zones, single reserves are networked within biogeographic zones, and the total amount of area reserved per zone is 20\% or greater. The current size and placement of protected areas falls far short of comprehensive or even adequate conservation objectives.

}, keywords = {alien species, benefit, biodiversity, category, conservation, design, ecosystem, effectiveness, enforcement, environment, fishery, habitat, management, marine protected area, network, ocean, protected area, protection, recruitment, review, scale, size, species richness, threat, visitation}, author = {P. Dee Boersma and J-K. Parrish} } @article {486, title = {Economic values of protected areas: Guidelines for protected area managers}, year = {1998}, edition = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK.}, address = {Gland}, abstract = {

Protected areas contain some of the world{\textquoteright}s most beautiful scenery and outstanding natural and cultural landscapes. These feature wildernesses, mountains and volcanoes, rain forests, untouched crystal-clear marine waters, white sandy beaches and unique cultural sites - to mention but a few.The natural and near-natural features of protected areas offer attractions which in many countries have become the cornerstone of tourism and recreation. However promoting tourism for the economy is not the primary role of most protected areas. Their primary role is the conservation of species biodiversity, and provision of a rich natural resource which permits scientists, educators and the community at large to meettheir various needs. Generally speaking, however, the market alone does not support a system of protected areas - hence society, through its various levels of government, must provide environmental protection as a public service in the same manner that it provides health, education, defence and legal systems. Failure to provide these public services impoverishes the quality of life for individuals and indeed for entire nations.The debate over environmental protection is often about the balance between leaving areas in their natural or near-natural state, and developing and exploiting them. This choice is fraught with tension - for example should a forest be left uncleared, or logged and converted to agriculture? Should wetlands and mangroves be left in their natural state or cleared and developed?These Guidelines are intended to help answer such questions. Part I gives an overview of how the economic values of protected areas can be assessed, provide newinsights and inform the debate. The case studies in Part II identify those sites where protecting the environment has made a significant contribution to the economy - increasing national wealth, national incomes and levels of national economic output. Public policy has a broad focus on the welfare of the community, and much work hasbeen done by economists systematising the evaluation of welfare benefits from protected areas. The current political process largely focuses, however, on the economy and monetary returns. It is hoped that the awareness developed through these Guidelines can help to place environmental protection issues nearer the centre of the economic policy argument.The Guidelines reveal that protected areas are often significant revenue-earning entities and can make an important contribution to local economies. For instance recent studies indicate that Canada is expected to create $C6.5 billion dollars in annual Gross Domestic Product from the expenditure of participants in wildlife-related activities; this sustains 159,000 jobs and creates $C2.5 billion in tax revenue each year. Australiareceives over $A2 billion in expenditure from eight national parks - at a direct cost to Governments of some $A60 million. In Costa Rica, about $US12 million is spent annually to maintain the national parks but foreign exchange generated in 1991 was more than $US330 million with 500,000 overseas visitors; park-generated tourism is the second largest industry in the country.Numerous other examples abound. In Tanzania, poaching and uncontrolled hunting of elephants to the south-east of Tarangire National Park led to an increase in woody plants within the park, causing in turn an increase in tsetse flies and hence livestock losses; conservation of elephants would have enhanced the productivity of the livestock industry. Zaire (now Democratic Republic of Congo) receives 75\% of animalprotein from wild sources; 40\% of the diet in Botswana comes from animal protein produced by wild sources; firewood and dung provide 90\% of the energy needs in Tanzania, Nepal and Malawi, and exceed 80\% in other countries. In Australia, water production in the Upper Thompson dam in Victoria was found to be more valuable than timber production from the same land. Tourism and fishing are more economically valuable than logging in the Philippines. Fijian mangroves are more valuable for firewood collection, fishing and sewage disposal than when cleared as agricultural land. The destruction of US coastal estuaries between 1954 and 1978 cost the US economy $200 million in fish production on an annual basis. In Italy, the Abruzzo National Park has been so popular that it has regenerated the economy of a poor area that previously suffered from severe depopulation. In each of these cases, the economy is demonstrably receiving a boost from the existence of protected areas, wildlife and natural and near-natural landscapes.There is a clear message from the above that investment in protected areas can provide a significant benefit to national and local economies. Far from being locked up and lost to local users, these areas represent an opportunity for sustainable industries and for the generation of financial returns. The concept of total economic value (TEV) identifies the goods and services or \"products\" protected areas offer and which aresuitable for capturing revenues for the protected area. With proper management, the \"product\" on offer can be sold over and over again without diminishing its value and revenues can be used to maintain the protected area. Unlike extractive industries, the string of returns can be maintained over a long period for the benefit of a wide range of users and stakeholders. Managers need to prepare business plans for parks and reservesso as to assess and capture these potential benefits, and thus ensure the long-term financial sustainability of protected areas in their care. Case studies reviewed in this report show that the different approaches to valuation can lead to inconsistent reporting of outcomes. The Guidelines therefore recommend a standardised valuation methodology, based on the concept of TEV, which is described in the text. The methodology provides sound guidance for those unfamiliar with measuring costs and benefits. The adoption of a standardised approach will reduce the incidence of impacts remaining unvalued and unappreciated. Measuring the benefits of protected areas in a standard way also enables comparisons and aggregations to be made of studies in different parts of the world.

}, keywords = {agriculture, biodiversity, conservation, Costa Rica, economic value, forest, management, policy, protected area, protection, sandy beach, tourism, wetland}, author = {Economics Service Unit - IUCN and Task Force on Economic Benefits of Protected Areas of the WCPA - IUCN} } @article {376, title = {Effect of temperature on bleaching of the coral Oculina patagonica by Vibrio AK-1}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

Laboratory aquaria experiments demonstrated that Vibrio AK-1 caused rapid and extensive bleaching of Oculina patagonica at 29\°C slower and less complete bleaching at 25\°C and 2O\°C, and no bleaching at 16\°C. The effects of temperature on the bacteria-induced bleaching experiments in aquaria were consistent with the natural bleaching of 0. patagonica in the Mediterranean Sea. In situ bleaching increased rapidly from late May to September, following the rise of surface seawater temperature, which reaches 29\°C in August. During the winter, when the seawater temperature drops to 16\°C, most of the bleached coral colonies recovered. Vibrio AK-1 was isolated from all bleached corals examined in the summer, but could not be isolated from healthy (unbleached) corals in the summer or from bleached and unbleached corals in the winter. The mechanism by which increased temperature causes the coral bleaching by Vibrio AK-1 is at present not clear. The bacteria grow in the laboratory relatively rapidly at 16\°C (doubling time 2 h), indicating that bacterial growth is probably not the critical factor. We suggest that temperature-regulated factors affecting bacterial virulence may play a role in the bleaching process.

}, keywords = {Ashkelon, Bat Yam, benthos, bleaching, climate change, corail, coral, coral reef, eastern Mediterranean, Hadera, Haifa, Israel, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, Oculina patagonica, pathogen, sea water temperature, Tel-Aviv Yafo, temperature, Vibrio sp.}, author = {E. Rosenberg and A. Kushmaro and M. Fine and Y. Ben Haim and Y. Loya} } @article {469, title = {emporal variability in abundance of the sea urchins Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula in the northwestern Mediterranean: comparison between a marine reserve and an unprotected area}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, volume = {168}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

Sea urchin populations were monitored in the Medes Islands Marine Reserve (NW Mediterranean) and an adjacent unprotected area in order to (1) describe temporal variability in abundance and population size-structure of sea urchins within each area (from 1991 to 1997), and (2) to compare these areas to investigate the role of fish predation level in determining sea urchin population structure over time (from 1995 to 1997). Abundance of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) was monitored at 7 sites (4 inside and 3 outside the reserve), and 2 distinct habitats (fields of big boulders and vertical walls). P. lividus exhibited signficant variability in density over time on boulders, both inslde and outside the reserve, whereas its density dld not vary significantly on vertical walls. P hvjdus populations differed significantly in size-structure across sites, varying from unimodal to blmodal among sltes and years. Density and mean size of P. lividus were not significantly different between the protected and the unprotected area in either of the 2 habitats. Abundance of the sea urchin Arbaca lixula (L) was monitored from 1995 to 1997 on vertical walls and boulders (4 sites inside and 3 sites outside the reserve). Density of A. lixula differed slgnlficantly over time on boulders, but it did not on walls. On vertlcal walls, density and mean slze of A. lixula were not significantly different between areas in both habitats. This study shows that in the Medes Islands region, sea urchins exhibit striking short-term fluctuations in abundance, which can lead to misinterpretation of larger-scale temporal patterns. The comparison between the protected and the unprotected area does not support the hypothesis of fish predation as the most. important factor affecting P. lividus populations in the Medes Islands, as patterns of lower sea urchin density relative to the unprotected area nearby were not maintained over time. These facts indicate that factors other than fish predation are very important in determining sea urchin population structure in the northwestern Mediterranean.

}, keywords = {Arbacia lixula, comparison, density, echinoderm, fish, habitat, island, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Paracentrotus lividus, population, predation, protected area, r{\^o}le, sea urchin, size, Spain, temporal heterogeneity, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {E. Sala and J. Garrabou and R. Coma and V. Alva and M. Zabala and B. Hereu and M. Ribes} } @article {399, title = {Modelling of Mediterranean system-changes under climate variations and human impact}, journal = {Environmental Modelling \& Software}, volume = {13}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

The one-and-a-half dimension multilayer Lagrangian model LATOX was developed to model the environmental pollution of deep stratified lakes and semi-enclosed seas. This model is used to simulate changes in the system of the Mediterranean seas, forced by the changes of climate and anthropogenic factors. It incorporates the submodels of the Black Sea, Azov Sea, Marmara Sea and the western and eastern Mediterranean. Simple submodels of the Kerch, Bosphorus, Dardanelles, Sicily and Gibraltar straits are applied. Three case studies were carried out: (i) the reconstruction and prediction of the 137Cs contamination from testing of nuclear weapons and the Chernobyl accident, (ii) the prediction of possible changes in the Azov and Black seas under increased freshwater consumption and (iii) the evolution of the Black and Azov seas to their recent state over the last 7000 years. The reconstruction of the 137Cs was quite good, and the model predicted a return to pre-Chernobyl level by 2010, in the absence of future accidents. An increase of freshwater consumption in the Black Sea basin catchments to 100 km3/year can cause significant changes to the Black and Azov seas.

}, keywords = {Azov Sea, Black sea, changement climatique, climate, climate change, eastern Mediterranean, human impact, impact, Marmara Sea, Mediterranean sea, Mer d{\textquoteright}Azov, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer Noire, mod{\'e}lisation, modelling, pollution, radioactivit{\'e}, radioactivity}, author = {V.S. Maderich} } @article {304, title = {National system planning for protected areas}, year = {1998}, edition = {IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK}, address = {Gland}, abstract = {

Protected areas are essential for the conservation of biological diversity and for meeting a range of community objectives. World-wide, there is a current growth in protected areas: both the number of sites and the area under protection have increased substantially over recent decades. But ensuring that appropriate management is in place to realise the potential benefits remains a major problem in many places.Co-ordination is undertaken at the international level by organisations such as IUCN . The World Conservation Union . particularly its World Commission on Protected Areas (WCPA) (Formerly the IUCN Commission on National Parks and Protected Areas . CNPPA). However, the greatest need is to secure the integrity andeffective management of protected areas at the national level. These guidelines outline key issues which need to be addressed in national level planning for a system of protected areas.A system plan is the design of a total reserve system covering the full range of ecosystems and communities found in a particular country. The plan should identify the range of purposes of protected areas, and help to balance different objectives. The plan should also identify the relationships among the system components . between individual areas, between protected areas and other land uses, and between different sectors and levels of the society concerned. It should help demonstrate important linkages with other aspects of economic development, and show how various stakeholders can interact and co-operate to support effective and sustainable management of protected areas. Lastly, a system plan should be a means to establish thepriorities for a workable national system of protected areas.These guidelines identify links between system planning and the Convention on Biological Diversity and are intended to be used by governments and others in the implementation of Article 8 of the Convention, (In situ conservation). The guidance is also set in the context of the range of protected area management categories which have recently been adopted by IUCN. The guidelines emphasise that judgement is required to ask relevant questions, to understand driving influences and to make choices about the level of detail and strategic orientation of a system plan relevant to the prevailing circumstances of a country. Because countries vary greatly in terms of their physical, economic and social conditions, advice of this kind must be general: accordingly these guidelines provide a broad framework for system planning at the national level, rather than seeking to answer every question or issue which might arise at that level.

}, keywords = {conservation, convention, ecosystem, management, protected area, protection}, author = {A.G. Davey and A. Phillips} } @article {509, title = {Spatial and temporal patterns of settlement among sparid fishes of the genus Diplodus in the northwestern Mediterranean}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, volume = {168}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

Juvenile settlement of 3 sparid fish species, Diplodus puntazzo, Djplodus sargus and Diploclus vulgaris, was studied over 3 years at 20 stations located at 5 sites in the NW Mediterranean Sea: 1 site in Spain (Girona), 2 In France (Banyuls and Marseille) and 2 in Italy (Portofino and Elba). When all sites and years were combined, 71\% of the settlers recorded belonged to D, vulgaris, 25 \% to D. sargus and 4 \% to D. puntazzo. Settlement was seasonal, with D. sargus settling in May-June. D. puntazzo in October November, and D. vulgaris in 2 pulses, the first in November-December and the second in January-February. Settlement intensity varied spatially, temporally, and among species. At a small spatial scale (within site), settlement intensity varied between stations and particularly between years. At a large spatial scale (among sites), settlement intensity varied among sites, with Marseille and Girona generally experiencing higher settlement than other sites. No difference in settlement intensity was observed between protected and unprotected areas The settlement of D.sargus was higher in 1994 than in 1993 and 1995 at all sites, suggesting the influence of meso-scale hydroclimatic conditions on the settlement success of this species. The settlement of D. vulgaris was higher in 1993 in the western part of the NW Mediterranean, and in 1994 in the eastern part. No consistent spatial trend over time was seen for D. puntazzo. Thus, settlement intensity of Diplodus species to nearshore habitats in the NW Mediterranean exhibited high year-to-year variations at both local and regional scales.

}, keywords = {census, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, Diplodus fish, Diplodus puntazzo, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, Elba, fish, France, habitat, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Marseille, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Portofino, scale, Spain, sparidae, spatial heterogeneity, temporal heterogeneity, trend, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {L. Vigliola and J-Y. Jouvenel and J-G. Harmelin and A. Garcia-Rubies and R. Galzin and F. Biagi and M. Harmelin-Vivien and L. Le Dir{\'e}ac{\textquoteright}h and L. Tunesi and E. Macpherson} } @article {505, title = {Study of the coastal fish assemblage in the marine reserve of the Ustica Island (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea)}, journal = {Italian Journal Zoology}, volume = {65}, year = {1998}, abstract = {

The coastal fish assemblage in the marine park of the Ustica Island was studied using underwater visual census. Seasonal surveys were conducted from May 1996 to March 1997 at several sites located within three zones ot the reserve, each characterized by different levels of protection (integral reserve, general reserve and partial reserve). Visual strip transects were conducted using SCUBA at three different depth (3-5m, 10-15m, 25-30m). Species richness ans diversity indices were better correlated to depth than to protection level. Oppositely, size and-or abundance of some vulnerable species (e.g. Epinephelus marginatus, Labrus meruda, Labrus viridis) were positively correlated with degree of protection ans the so-called \"reserve effect\". These observations stress the importance of protection measures for littoral fish assemblages and represent the only available data for an Italian marine park of consderable extent.

}, keywords = {assemblage, census, depth, diversity, dusky, Epinephelus marginatus, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, integral reserve, island, Italy, Labrus merula, Labrus viridis, littoral, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, protection, protection measure, size, species richness, temporal heterogeneity, transects, Tyrrhenian Sea, Ustica, visual census, vulnerable species, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {M. Vacchi and G. La Mesa and P. Guidetti and S. Bussotti} } @article {397, title = {Mortality of juvenile fishes of the genus Diplodus in protected and unprotected areas in the western Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, year = {1997}, keywords = {census, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, C{\^o}te Bleue, Diplodus fish, fish abundance, France, Italy, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, Medes, Mediterranean sea, mortality, population, Portofino, protected area, protection effectiveness, recruitment, Spain, sparidae, unprotected area, western Mediterranean}, author = {E. Macpherson and M. Harmelin-Vivien and J-G. Harmelin and A. Garcia Rubies and P. Francour and F. Biagi and J-Y. Jouvenel and L. Tunesi and L. Vigliola and S, Planes} } @article {455, title = {Rocky bottom fish communities of Cabrera Archipelago National Park (Mallorca, Western Mediterranean)}, journal = {Science Marine}, volume = {61}, year = {1997}, abstract = {

In the present study the fish communities of the rocky bottoms of Cabrera Archipelago (Balearic Islands) are analysed and provide data for future evaluation of any changes produced by management. Visual counts were carried out by diving along transects situated in areas of rocky blocks at depths of -10 m, -25 m and -41 m and at vertical cliffs -15 m deep. In the 10 stations studied, 48 species belonging to 19 families have been recorded. The increase in depth principally produced a specific impoverishment and a decrease in the density of mesophagous and macrophagous carnivore species. This tendency became more noticeable changing from the infralittoral to the circalittoral stage. In the infralittoral stage the substrate rugosity was a more important factor than depth in the structure of the fish community. However, other specific characteristics of each zone such as algal cover, hydrodynamic conditions and fishing pressure, as well as habitat changes with size of some species, also affected the specific composition and demographic structure of the fish community.

}, keywords = {algae, Balearic Islands, buffer zone, Cabrera, density, depth, distribution, fish, fish assemblage, fishery impact, habitat, island, labridae, management, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, mullidae, national park, no-take area, rocky shore, Sciaenidae, serranidae, size, Spain, sparidae, transects, visual census, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {O. Renones and B. Morales-Nin and J. Coll and J. Moranta} } @article {470, title = {Fish predation and the structure of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus populations in the NW Mediterranean}, journal = {Marine Ecology Progress Series}, volume = {140}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

Large differences in the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) population structure have been observed in the NW Mediterranean. Differences have been attributed to removal of predatory fish through human fishing activities. This study attempted to determine the effect of predation by fishes on sea urchin population structure. Three infralittoral areas (2 within a marine reserve with a high density of predatory fish, and 1 within an unprotected area with a low density of predatory fish) were studied to compare population structure differences attributable to differing fish predation pressure. P lividus populations were 3 to 4x denser and predation rates were -5x lower in the unprotected site than in the protected sites. Within the reserve, fish accounted for 100\% of the predation. P lividus individual mean size was lower within the protected sites than in the unprotected site. Size-frequency distributions showed a negative exponential pattern for P llividus within the reserve, and a bimodal pattern outside the reserve. The urchins showed a crevice-dwelling behaviour in response to the intense predation in the marine reserve. Within the reserve, P lividus population structure appears to be determined by predation by fish. In contrast, in the unprotected area, where the predation rate is much lower, P lividus population structure appears to be determined by recruitment rate. We suggest that a recent increase in P lividus abundance on infralittoral rocky bottoms in the NW Mediterranean, where urchins are not harvested, is caused by human fishing activities. Since P lividus is the major benthic herbivore in the NW Mediterranean, fishing level may, due to cascading effects, determine the structure of benthic infralittoral communities.

}, keywords = {comparison, density, distribution, echinoderm, fish, fish assemblage, fishery impact, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Paracentrotus lividus, population, predation, protected area, recruitment, rocky shore, sea urchin, size, unprotected area, western Mediterranea}, author = {E. Sala and M. Zabala} } @article {279, title = {Long-term changes (1954 to 1982) in the benthic macrofauna under the combined effects of anthropogenic and climatic action (example of one Mediterranean Bay)}, journal = {Oceanologica Acta}, volume = {19}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

This research was carried out in a bay situated to the east of Marseilles (C\ôtes de Provence, France). The infra- and circalittoral macrobenthos was studied over a period of 28 years. During this series of investigations, carried out in 1959 (1954-59)-1962-1972-1976 and 1982, the bay was subjected to violent anthropogenic pressures, aggravated by climatic change that lasted for several consecutive years. The anthropogenic factors include the extension of a harbour, the construction of a yacht harbour near the main harbour, the installation of two outfalls for untreated urban sewage, deposits in the circalittoral zone of material from dredging of the harbour, the indirect impact of a distant coastal river diverted into the sewage main of the city of Marseilles and finally several catastrophic forest fires (1190 ha burned). The major climatic alteration, which lasted for a period of eight years, involved a scarcity of NW winds (dry, cold) and an excess of E winds (warm, wet), often accompanied by heavy rainfall. The overall result of these factors was a phenomenon of prolonged disequilibrium affecting all the macrobenthic assemblages and their facies, caused by changes in the deep current pattern and in particular an increase in silting of the infra- and circalittoral bottom throughout the bay (mean value recorded: increase of 0.8\% per year), accompanied by inputs of organic matter and the regression of the Posidonia oceanica (marine phanerogam) meadows from the lower limit upwards.

}, keywords = {Baie de La Ciotat-Les Lecques, benthos, changement climatique, circalittoral, climate change, facies, forest, France, impact, La Ciotat-Les Lecques Bay, long-term monitoring, macrofauna, Marseille, Marseilles, meadow, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, north-western Mediterranean, Posidonia oceanica, Provence, research, vent, western Mediterranean, wind}, author = {Bourcier} } @article {425, title = {The Mediterranean: vulnerability to coastal implications of climate change}, journal = {Ocean \& Coastal Management}, volume = {31}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

The Mediterranean is experiencing a number of immediate coastal problems which are triggering efforts to improve short-term coastal management. This paper shows that coastal management also needs to address long-term problems and, in particular, the likelihood of climate change. Regional scale studies suggest that the Mediterranean is particularly vulnerable to increased flooding by storm surges as sea levels rise -a 1 m rise in sea level would cause at least a six-fold increase in the number of people experiencing such flooding in a typical year, without considering population growth. Protection is quite feasible, however, this would place a greater burden on those Mediterranean countries in the south than those in the north. All coastal wetlands appear threatened. Case studies of coastal cities (Venice and Alexandria), deltas (Nile, PO, Rhone and Ebro), and islands (Cyprus) support the need to consider climate change in coastal planning. However, the critical issues vary from site to site and from setting to setting. In deltaic areas and low-lying coastal plains climate change, particularly sea-level rise, is already considered as an important issue, but elsewhere this is not the case. Therefore, there is a need for coastal management plans to explicitly address long-term issues, including climate change, and integrate this planning with short-term issues. This is entirely consistent with existing guidelines. Given the large uncertainty concerning the future, planning for climate change will involve identifying and implementing low-cost proactive measures, such as appropriate land use planning or improved design standards incorporated within renewal cycles, as well as identifying sectors or activities which may be compromised by likely climate change. In the latter case, any necessary investment can be seen as a prudent {\textquoteright}insurance policy{\textquoteright}.

}, keywords = {adaptation, changement climatique, climate, climate change, coastal management, gestion de la zone c{\^o}ti{\`e}re, hausse du niveau de la mer, management, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, policy, protection, sea level rise, vuln{\'e}rabilit{\'e}, vulnerability, wetland}, author = {R.J. Nicholls and F.M.J. Hoozemans} } @article {461, title = {Recent changes in Eastern Mediterranean deep waters}, journal = {Science}, volume = {271}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

Results from a recent hydrographic survey show that an influx of Aegean Sea water has replaced 20 percent of the deep and bottom waters of the eastern Mediterranean. Previously, the only source of such waters was the Adriatic Sea, and the waters of the eastern Mediterranean were in near-steady state. The flux changed the water characteristics and displaced older waters upward. Its cause was increasing Aegean Sea salinity, resulting from changes in either the circulation pattern or the large-scale freshwater balance. Current deepwater studies may be affected by the intrusion, but effects might be found also at shallower depths and over a larger region.

}, keywords = {Adriatic Sea, Aegean Sea, climate change, deep water, eastern Mediterranean, eau profonde, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e orientale, Mer Adriatique, Mer Eg{\'e}e, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, salinit{\'e}, salinity}, author = {W. Roether and B. Manca and B. Klein and D. Bregant and D. Georgopoulos and V. Beitzel and V. Kovacevis and A. Luchetta} } @article {521, title = {Sea level in the Mediterranean: a first step towards separating crustal movements and absolute sea-level variations}, journal = {Global and Planetary Change}, volume = {14}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

The SELF (SEa Level Fluctuations: geophysical interpretation and environmental impact) project has been developed and realized in the framework of the Environment Programme designed by the Commission of the European Communities. The SELF project was aimed at providing a reliable base for the determination, in the Mediterranean area, of sea-level variations which could then be used as a possible indicator of climate changes and to study the interactions taking place among the ocean, the atmosphere., and the solid Earth. The project has made it possible to define a consistent network of well-established tide gauges encompassing the Mediterranean Basin as far as the Black Sea and to determine to centimeter accuracy the tide gauge benchmark heights in a global well-defined reference system such as the one provided by the SLR/VLBI space techniques. The SELF network constitutes, for the Mediterranean, the necessary prerequisite towards achieving the actual capability to separate vertical crustal movements from true sea-level variations. This has been accomplished through the use of space techniques namely SLR, VLBI and GPS in conjunction with Water Vapor Radiometer observations and absolute gravity measurements. The analysis of the available tide gauge records has shown a high spatial coherence of the annual to multidecadal sea-level variability. Sea-level fluctuations at periods longer than two months were found to be strongly correlated with air pressure. The seasonal cycle was found to be variable in time. Relative sea-level trends determined from records longer than 30 years are less than 1.5 mm/yr. Crustal movement rates as determined from the tide gauge records are in general of the order + 1.0 mm/yr. The geological observations have shed light on the fact that a marked variability of crustal movements occurs on both the temporal and spatial scale, and it represents a major contribution to relative sea-level fluctuations. This fact has been verified for the selected sector which belongs to one of the more geodynamically active areas of the Central Mediterranean (Aeolian Archipelago). However, this work has shown that, at least at the tide gauges included in the present study, crustal movements are small compared to the decadal to multidecadal sea-level variability but of the same order as the long-term trend in sea level, thus necessitating a careful monitoring if crustal movement is to be separated from the oceanographic contribution to relative sea-level changes.

}, keywords = {Black sea, changement climatique, climate, climate change, environment, geophysic, g{\'e}ophysique, hausse du niveau de la mer, impact, interaction, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer Noire, monitoring, network, ocean, sea level rise, trend}, author = {S. Zerbini and H.P. Plag and T. Baker and M. Becker and H. Billiris and B. B{\"u}rki and H.G. Kahle and I. Marson and L. Pezzoli and B. Richter and C. Romagnoli and M. Sztobryn and P. Tomasi and M. Tsimplis and G. Veis and G. Verrone} } @article {499, title = {The state of the marine and coastal environment in the Mediterranean region}, volume = {100}, year = {1996}, note = {

La probl\ématique du changement climatique est \évoqu\ée

}, edition = {UNEP}, address = {Athens}, abstract = {

The previous (Jeftic et al., 1990) and the present document on the state of the Mediterranean environment are based primarily on information and/or data submitted to the Coordinating Unit by: (i) the Contracting Parties and their specialized environmental and marine scientific institutions; this information is itself basically that obtained in the context of MAP projects undertaken by the aforementioned institutions; (ii) the MAP Regional Activity Centres, through their regular activities, which are approved by the Contracting Parties; and (iii) UN agencies cooperating with UNEP. This document is based on information collected up to March 1995. In a few cases only, it contains information obtained after this date. The principal aim of a periodic review is to allow the Contracting Parties to evaluate, as far as possible, trends in the state of the marine and coastal environment, in general, to enable them to deal with new environmental problems, as and when they arise and are confirmed by the results of scientific investigation, monitoring and environmental impact assessment.

}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, changement climatique, climate change, environment, environnement, impact, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, trend}, author = {UNEP} } @article {316, title = {Suivre l{\textquoteright}{\'e}volution du niveau moyen de la M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e}, year = {1996}, abstract = {

The sea surface topography, which is directly linked to the shape of the geoid and to oceanic effects, is only measurable thanks to the spatial and temporal resolution of satellite altimetry. The contributions of Seasat (1978), Geosat (1985) followed by ERS-1 (1991) and TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) (1992) to the study of the Mediterranean have been considerable. The first maps of the marine geoid, with relative accuracy of 10-20cm depending on the methods used, have contributed greatly to the understanding of geophysical phenomena. Subsequently, thanks to reductions in orbital errors, improvements in gravitational models, and to the development of pseudo-geometrical orbit computations, the accuracy of determination of the absolute mean sea level has improved from several metres to a few centimetres. The analysis of T/P data in the Mediterranean presented here has allowed seasonal variations in mean sea level to be determined for the first time. Amplitudes are of the order of 20cm with a maximum in October/November and a minimum in March. Further, the combination of ERS-1 and T/P data has permitted improvements in the spatial resolution of sea surface maps without loss of accuracy, thereby showing the main features of Mediterrenean circulation including seasonal variations.

}, keywords = {altim{\'e}trie, altimetry, climate change, mean sea level, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, niveau moyen de la mer, seasonal variation, variation saisonni{\`e}re}, author = {P. Exertier and P. Bonnefond and F. Barlier} } @article {258, title = {Climate-related, long-term faunal changes in a California rocky intertidal community}, journal = {Science}, volume = {267}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

Changes in the invertebrate fauna of a California rocky intertidal community between the period 1931 to 1933 and the period 1993 to 1994 indicate that species{\textquoteright} ranges shifted northward, consistent with predictions of change associated with climate warming. Of 45 invertebrate species, the abundances of eight of nine southern species increased and the abundances of five of eight northern species decreased. No trend was evident for cosmopolitan species. Annual mean shoreline ocean temperatures at the site increased by 0.750C during the past 60 years, and mean summer maximum temperatures from 1983 to 1993 were 2.20C warmer than for the period 1921 to 1931.

}, keywords = {abundance, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, California, climate, climate change, communaut{\'e} intertidale, d{\'e}rive septentrionale, fauna, intertidal community, invertebrate, northward shift, ocean, r{\'e}chauffement, sea water temperature, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, trend, USA, warming}, author = {Barry and Baxter and Sagarin and Gilman} } @article {253, title = {Climatic fluctuations, current variability and marine species distribution: a case study in the Ligurian Sea}, journal = {Oceanologica Acta}, volume = {18}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

The Ligurian Sea, situated in the north-east corner of the western Mediterranean, is colder than the Tyrrhenian Sea, situated just to the south. As a consequence, there are differences in the composition and physionomy of their respective marine biota. Episodical records of epibenthic warm-water species, of Tyrrhenian origin, in the colder Ligurian Sea were paradoxically linked to the occurence of low mean air temperatures. This is explained by the peculiar pattern of water and heat exchanges between the Tyrrhenian and Ligurian basins mediated through the northward-flowing Tyrrhenian Current. In response to the greater cooling of the Ligurian Sea, induced by the more intense water and temperature losses, a seasonnal flux of warmer water is drawn from the Tyrrhenian Sea in order to restore the altered budget: the more intense the Ligurian Sea winter cooling, the larger the volume of the warmer flow carried northward by the Tyrrhenian Current, increasing the probability of warm-water species transoprt into the Ligurian Sea. Survival of warm-water species in cold years is unlikely, and this explains the rarity of findings in the last one and a half centuries. In a few cases, warm-water species have succeeded in establishing adult pseudopopulations. However, this scenario is probably changing: the detection of warm-water species in the Ligurian Sea has become more frequent and nearly constant in recent years, even in the presence of high winter temperatures. It is hypothesized that present sea water warming is allowing former sterile pseudopulations to reproduce in the Ligurian Sea, thus assuring independence from the larval supply by the Tyrrhebian Current. Future investigations should concentrate on monitoring the population biology of warm-water species established in the Ligurian Sea.

}, keywords = {biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, biology, climate change, distribution, distribution d{\textquoteright}esp{\`e}ces, {\'e}cosyst{\`e}me, esp{\`e}ce d{\textquoteright}eau chaude, Italie, Italy, Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer Ligure, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, monitoring, north-western Mediterranean, species distribution, temperature, warm-water species, warming, western Mediterranean}, author = {Astraldi and Bianchi and Gasparini and Morri} } @article {414, title = {Damage and partial mortality in the gorgonian Paramuricea clavata in the Strait of Messina (Tyrrhenian Sea)}, journal = { Marine Life}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

A massive development of mucilage and a case of partial mortality in the Mediterranean gorgonian Paramuricea clavata is reported. Mucilage affected the benthic biocoenosis and particularly a gorgonian population on a shoal off the small town of Scilla (Regio Calabria, southern Italy) at the end of summer 1993. A mass of Ionian water rich in nutrients was probably isolated along the Calabrian coast in summer 1993. The meteorological conditions in August and September led to the warming of the water mass, and induced a bloom in mucilage producers. Smothing due to macroflakes entangled in gorgonian branches for several weeks caused the progressice necrosis of the underlying coenenchymal tissue. The entire population was affected by tissue necrosis: about 5 000 colonies, living in the 29 to 39 m depth range, underwent severe degeneration.

}, keywords = {climate change, d{\'e}troit de Messine, gorgonaire, gorgonian, injury, Italie, Italy, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, Mer Tyrrh{\'e}nienne, mortalit{\'e} partielle, mortality, Paramuricea clavata, partial mortality, r{\'e}chauffement, sea water temperature, Strait of Messina, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, Tyrrhenian Sea, warming}, author = {M. Mistri and V.U. Ceccherelli} } @article {357, title = {Mediterranean Marine reserves : Fish Indices as tests of Protection Efficiency}, journal = {Marine Ecology}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

The fish assemblages of a striclty protected area and of a neighbouring fished area, located off a Mediterranean urbanized coast (Carry-le-Rouet, France), were compared in order to select the most evident, constant, and easily recorded indices of the "reserve effect". Visual censusing was repeated simultaneously at both sites eight time a year during 3 years along four permanent transects layed on shallow rocky bottoms (9-14m). Overall species richness was 16\% higher in the reserve, but differences in average instantaneous richness were only marginally significant. The most contrasting results were shown bu the occurence frequency, abundance, and demographic structure of two types of target species. The type A target speciues group comprises 16 large meso- and macrocarnivores particulary threatened by spearfishing, inluding the commum nectobenthic sparids Diplodus spp. Type B target species are reprensented by two small territorial fishes particulary impacted by angling: the serranid species Serranus cabrilla ans the terminal phase males of the labrid Coris julis. The size structure of Diplodus ss., cabrilla, and C.Julis subpopulations strongly argues for the role of protected areas as a reservoir of large spawners. Fishing pressure is assumed to modify the social conditions of the C. julis local populations and to include earlier sex change.

}, keywords = {assemblage, buffer zone, comparison, Coris julis, C{\^o}te Bleue, Diplodus fish, effectiveness, fish, fish assemblage, fishing prohibition, France, labridae, marine protected area, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, population, protected area, protection, protection effectiveness, reserve effect, r{\^o}le, serranidae, Serranus cabrilla, size, sparidae, species richness, transects, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {J-G. Harmelin and F. Garcia and F. Bachet} } @article {309, title = {Study of a Mediterranean reef fish assemblage. Comparisons of population distributions between depths in protected and unprotected areas over one decade}, journal = {Aquatic Living Ressources}, year = {1995}, abstract = {

Differences in Mediterranean fish communities of two rocky coastal areas, one inside an integral marine reserve and the second outside the reserve, ncar Banyuls-sur-Mer, France, were compared using underwater visual census after a 12-year interval. In 1980, the community structure in and outside the marine reserve was studied at two depths (Bell, 1983). In 1992, WC used the same methodology to assess if variations occurred in this fish community between these two samplings. In both 1980 and 1992, water depth affected the relative abundance of fish communities and the number of species was roughly maintained in both sites. However, there were several other important qualitative and quantitative variations in the fish fauna over this period: (1) The abundance of specics has decreased in the integral rcscrve whereas it has been maintained outsidc the reserve; (2) Nine species arc more abundant in the integral reservc and nine others are more abundant outside the reserve. Among the specics vulnerable to fishing, such as Lubrus merulu, Symphodus tinca, Mullus surmuletus, Diplodus sargus, D.vulgaris, Scorpavnu porrus, Ohlada melanuru, 6 of them are more abundant inside the integral reserve and 4 othcrs arc more abundant outside; (3) Thc demographic structure of vulnerable spccics inside the reserve has changed: only the proportion of large fish (30 to 40 cm length) compared to medium (15 to 30 cm) and small (0 to 15 cm) fishes was higher in the integral reserve. The prohibition of recreational and professional fisheries and scuba-diving has the fish community in the integral marine reserve in 1992 enhanced less than in 1980. The impoverishment of the fish density in the integral reserve between these two periods is difficult to understand in regard to the stability of the fish density outside the reserve. These results stress the need for a more regular and more extensive survey of the fish assemblage in and around the marine reserve of Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls.

}, keywords = {assemblage, census, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, density, depth, Diplodus sargus, Diplodus vulgaris, distribution, fauna, fish, fish abundance, fish assemblage, fish density, fishery, France, integral reserve, labridae, Lubrus merulu, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, methodology, mullidae, Mullus surmuletus, no-take area, Oblada melanura, population, protection effectiveness, reef fish assemblage, reserve effect, Scorpavnu porrus, scuba-diving, serranidae, sparidae, Symphodus tinca, unprotected area, visual census, western Mediterranean}, author = {F. Dufour and R. Galzin and J-Y. Jouvenel} } @book {404, title = {Aires prot{\'e}g{\'e}es de Tunisie}, year = {1994}, note = {

2.000 MIN

}, address = {Tunis}, abstract = {

Le document pr\ésente les principales aires prot\ég\ées de Tunisie et la strat\égie suivie pour la conservation de la nature. Le document contient de nombreuses figures pr\ésentant les diff\érentes aires prot\ég\ées en Tunisie

}, keywords = {aire prot{\'e}g{\'e}e, conservation, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, parc national, r{\'e}serve naturelle, Tunisie}, author = {MEAT and CAR/ASP and ONAS and ANPE} } @article {321, title = {Are the Meditterranean waters becoming warmer? Information from biological indicators}, journal = {Marine Pollution Bulletin}, year = {1994}, abstract = {

Important changes described in the marine littoral zones throughout the world are attributed to short term phenomena such as marine pollution. Recently, a few authors have emphasized medium to long-term modifications of the ocean conditions (Mearns, 1988). Increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide and other infrared absorbing gases are widely proposed as a mechanism of global surface warming over the next several decades (Ausubel, 1983). Over the past 20-30 years, a significant increase in the average temperature of the waters of the western Mediterranean basin has been observed: between 1973 and 1987, an increase of 0.4{\textdegree}C at 80 m depth (Pascual, pers. comm.), and between 1959 and 1989, an increase of 0.12{\textdegree}C under 400 m (Bethoux et al., 1990). Similar observations have been made in the other ocean basins (Bindoff \& Church, 1992). In view of our present-day knowledge of the shallow waters of the Mediterranean, we can only put forward a model-based assumption of temperature increase (Bethoux et al., 1990). Winds, currents and albedo can strongly induce variations of the surface temperature (lvanoff, 1972) but physical measurements cannot demonstrate a significant mean temperature increase at present, even if it exists. However, the possibility of an increase is suggested by the marine flora and fauna which integrate medium-term changes in ambient conditions (Soule \& Keppel, 1988). Unusual occurrences in marine life may also be used as indicators of changing ocean conditions (Mearns, 1988).

}, keywords = {biological indicator, climate change, fauna, flora, France, Golfe du Lion, Ile de Port-Cros, littoral, long-term monitoring, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, north-western Mediterranean, ocean, pollution, Port-Cros Island, Provence, r{\'e}chauffement, Scandola, sea water temperature, shallow water, temperature, temp{\'e}rature de l{\textquoteright}eau de mer, warming, western Mediterranean, wind}, author = {P. Francour and M.L.. Harmelin-Vivi and J.G. Harmelin and C.F. Boudouresque and J.P. Quignard} } @article {260, title = {Intra-annual variability of an artificial reef fish assemblage in the marine reserve of Tabarca (Alicante, Spain, SW Mediterranean)}, journal = {Bulletin Marine Science}, year = {1994}, chapter = {824-835}, abstract = {

An experimental artificial reef was designed and placed in the Marine Reserve at Tabarca (Alicante, SE Spain) to avoid trawl-fishing activities on the Posidonia oceanica seagrass bed and to provide alternative fishing sites. The fish assemblage monitoring of the experimental artificial reef for 1 year is presented. The number of fish species recorded (21 spp.) is lower than that found for nearby natural rocky bottoms close to the site studied. This difference can be accounted for due to reef characteristics, such as module design, relative low volume submerged, excessive depth and/or high degradation of P. oceanica beds surrounding the experimental artificial reef. Changes in the fish assemblage throughout the study period due to seasonal nature cannot be clearly distinguished from later colonization episodes. The main effect of the experimental artificial reef seems to be the attraction of subadults and adults of demersal fish species from nearby natural rocky bottoms.

}, keywords = {artificial reef, assemblage, depth, design, fish, fish assemblage, island, management tool, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, monitoring, Posidonia oceanica, protected area, reef fish assemblage, seagrass, Spain, Tabarca, western Mediterranean}, author = {Bayle-Sempere and Ramos and Garcia-Charton} } @article {259, title = {Mass mortality of Paramuricea clavata (Anthozoa, Cnidaria) on Portofino Promontory cliffs, Ligurian Sea, Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Marine Life}, volume = {4}, year = {1994}, abstract = {

An extreme case of mass mortality of the sea fan Paramuricea clavata on the Portofino Promontory is reported. During October 1993 about 10,000 sea fans, living in the 20 to 35 m depth range, underwent a degenerative process, which caused the progressive detachment of the coenenchyma from the gorgonians{\textquoteright} branches. About 80\% of the affected colonies were reduced to a bare. It may be assumed that an increase in this mortality may be related to a violent storm that caused a drop in salinity and suspended sediment locally. Specific analysis has provided no evidence of bacterial involvement.

}, keywords = {anthozoa, benthos, biodiversit{\'e}, biodiversity, climate change, gorgonaire, gorgonian, Italie, Italy, Ligurian Sea, mass mortality, Mediterranean sea, M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e nord-occidentale, M{\'e}diterrann{\'e}e occidentale, Mer Ligure, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, mortalit{\'e} massive, mortality, north-western Mediterranean, Paramuricea clavata, Portofino, salinit{\'e}, salinity, western Mediterranean}, author = {Bavestrello and Bertone and Cattaneo-Vietti and Gaino and Zanzi} } @article {319, title = {Pluriannual analysis of the reserve effect on ichthyofauna in the Scandola natural reserve (Corsica, Northwestern Mediterranean)}, journal = {Oceanologica Acta}, year = {1994}, abstract = {

From July 1988 to September 1992, Scuba divers used a non destructive sampling method to study the fish communities if rocks ans Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds, in Scandola Marine reserve. Sites wereestablished in the integral reserve (protection of the marine environment), in the non-ontegral reserve (partial protection) and outise the reserve (no protection). Average density and biomass of the sampled population in P. oceanica seagrass beds showed no significant difference between the sites in the integral reserve and the others. Only the integrally-protected shallow nd deep water zones showed considerably reduced seasonal variations. For rocky sustrata, the integral reserve site demonstrated higher density and biomass than the other sites. The impact of seasonal variations on the sampled population was not reduced in this biotope, as in the seagrass beds. Whatever the biotope, the demographic structures of the fish population sampled in the integral reserve ans in the other sites were different: the number of large fishes (matured adults) was always the highest. Species diversity was slightly greater in the seagrass bed sites of the integral reserve, but site variations were not significant. This was also true for rocky substrata; in contrast, lesser seasonal differences were recorded in the integral reserve than outside. Three conclusions can be drawn from these pluriannual observations : 1) The reserve effect is real, not just theorical, and affects the fish population in both rocks and seagrass beds. 2) The two sites studied, the Posidonia oceanica seagrass beds and rocky sustrata, react very differently to protection which reduces anthropogenic disturbances. These differences may be attributed to the degree of sensitivity of the dominant families (Labridae in the seagrass, Sparidae in rocky susbtrata) to all disturbances. 3) The reserve effect comprises both a refuge ans a buffer effect. The refuge effect is the most traditionnally highlightened and is characterized by more large fishes adn a greater variety of species and noble fishes (Dicentrarchus labrax, sparus aurata, Epinephelus marginatus, Sciaena umbra). The buffer effect, never shomn in previous studies, is characterized by the fact that the impact of seasonal variations on parameters such as density, biomass, and diversity is consederably lessened.

}, keywords = {biotope, buffer zone, comparison, Corsica, deep water, density, Dicentrarchus labrax, diversity, dusky, environment, Epinephelus marginatus, fish, France, impact, integral reserve, labridae, Ligurian Sea, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, natural reserve, no-take area, population, Posidonia oceanica, protection, protection effectiveness, reserve effect, rocky shore, Scandola, Sciaena umbra, seagrass, sparidae, Sparus aurata, western Mediterranean}, author = {P. Francour} } @article {375, title = {Guidelines for Establishing Marine Protected Areas}, year = {1992}, edition = {IUCN, in collaboration with Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority}, address = {Gland, Switzerland}, abstract = {

This document deals with the latter two approaches. It recognizes that effective conservation of the marine environment can only be achieved by the creation of integrated management regimes which deal with all human activities and their effects. These regimes will consist either of general regulation of human activities affecting the marine environment supplemented by the provision of special protection for particular areas - small Marine Protected Areas, or of the creation of a much larger Marine Protected Area with levels of protection varying within it according to a zoning plan. In this document the term Marine Protected Area (MPA) applies to marine and estuarine areas.This document presents a framework and identifies components that must be addressed. It draws heavily on some particular examples, but we emphasise that for each marine area within each of the world{\textquoteright}s seas the issues, the opportunities and consequently the form of apparently effective solutions differ. The detail of approaches to marine conservation and the establishment of marine protected areas must be custom designed for each area. This document may help by discussing the issues which should be considered and by describing some common approaches to management problems.

}, keywords = {action plan, biosphere reserve, conservation, ecosystem, environment, establishment, guidelines, history, legislative, management, management tool, marine protected area, methodology, policy, protected area, protection, regulation, selection, zoning, zoning plan}, author = {G. Kelleher and R. Kenchington} } @article {332, title = {Effects of total fishing prohibition on the rocky fish assemblage of Medes Islands marine reserve (NW Mediterranean)}, journal = {Science Marine}, year = {1990}, abstract = {

Visual scuba diving censuces used to assess the effects of fishing prohibition on abundance and size structure of littoral fish populations by comparing the same benthinc communities inside and outside the protected area of Medes Islands (NE Catalonia, Spain). The total number of species found was 43 in the reserve and 44 outside, but the mean value of species richness per sampling station was significantly higher in the protected area. However, H{\textquoteright} here diversity, heavily affected by the presence or absence of large schools of pelagic species, showed no significant differences between sites. The prohibition of fishing for 6 years is the first factor affecting the quantitative and the qualitative structure of fish populations ("reserve effect"), and depth is the second factor. Thus, except in the cases of Serranus cabrilla and Mullus surmuletus, all other vulnerable species are highly sensitive to the protection measures. The siez stricture of all vulnerable species was found to be absolutely different at the reserve sites than in the unprotected zones, an the modal size classes os size frequency distributions were always higher in the reserve than outside. The reserve effect was significantly responsible of the differences observed in this change on size structure. Some highly vulnerable species, such as Epinephelus guaza and Sciena umbra, have only been found in the protected areas Others, such as Sparus aurata, Diplodus cervinus and Dicentrarchus labrax, were much frequent inside the reserve.

}, keywords = {assemblage, depth, Dicentrarchus labrax, Diplodus cervinus, Diplodus fish, distribution, diversity, dusky, Epinephelus guaza, fish, fish assemblage, fishing prohibition, island, labridae, littoral, marine protected area, marine reserve, Medes, Mediterranean sea, Moronidae, mullidae, Mullus surmuletus, population, protected area, protection, protection measure, reserve effect, Sciaenidae, Sciena umbra, scuba-diving, serranidae, Serranus cabrilla, size, Spain, sparidae, Sparus aurata, species richness, value, vulnerable species, western Mediterranean}, author = {A. Garcia-Rubies and M. Zabala} } @article {454, title = {Management of living resources in the marine reserve of Tabarka Island (Alicante, Spain)}, journal = {Bulletin de la soci{\`e}t{\'e} zoologique de France}, volume = {114}, year = {1989}, abstract = {

The Marine Reserve of Tabarca is intented to be a protected zone of the environment ans also an area which is subject to a rational management policy, permitting traditionnal fishing methods, such as selective artisanal techniques, in use around the island, depending on locality and season. Bearing this inming, an extensive zone (1400ha) has been divided into three areas, each subject to a different degree of management : an integral, protecting area, a dumping area, and a transitional or peripheria area. Fishing activities (fiwed inshore trap nets or morunos ans trawl-lines or curricanes) are allowed in the second and the thrid areas. In order to protect certain zones, some structures which prevent trawling (wooden bulls, cubis concrete blocks) were sunk. A pyramidal, alveolar reef was also exposed in order to observe fish behaviour.

}, keywords = {artificial reef, buffer zone, comparison, environment, fish, fishery, fishing prohibition, island, management, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, no-take area, policy, protected area, Spain, Tabarca, trawling, visual census, western Mediterranean, zoning}, author = {A-A. Ramos and J. Bayle-Sempere} } @article {262, title = {Effects of depth and marine reserve fishing restrictions on the structure of a rocky reef fish assemblage in the north-western Mediterranean Sea}, journal = {Applied Ecology}, year = {1983}, chapter = {357-369}, abstract = {

A scuba diving census, in whichabundance and size class of structure of conspicuous fish species were determined, was used to assess the effects of depth ans marine reserve fishing restrictions on the structure oe a Mediterranean rocsky reef fish assemblage by comparing communities at sites from two depth ranges inside and outside a marine reserve.The total assemblage had thirty-fice conspicuous species and was dominated by labriadae (13 spp.) and sparidae (9 spp.).Mean species richchness (number of species) and diversity (Shannon) did not differ between sites.Ordination of abundance data showed that occurence and relative abundance of species was affected by depth (deep samples separated completely from shallow samples) and marine reserve status (samples from the marine reserve were significantly separated from those taken at the same depth outside the reserve).Samples from the same depth were similar, because the majority of species showed a preference fro either deep ar shallow areas. The known biology of several species indicated that feeding requirements may be responsible for depth preferences.Samples from reserve sites had signficantly higher sensities of hish species sought after and/or vulnerable to local fishing methods, than those from non-reserve sites of similar depth.Size frequency distributions of vulnerable species at reserve sites generally had a larger modal size class than distribution from non-reserve sites.The data suggest that reduced fishing pressure in the reserve has provided effective protection for species vulnerable to fishing.

}, keywords = {assemblage, biology, Cerb{\`e}re-Banyuls, comparison, depth, distribution, diversity, fish, fish assemblage, France, marine protected area, marine reserve, Mediterranean sea, protected area, protection, reef fish assemblage, scuba-diving, size, sparidae, unprotected area, visual census, vulnerable species, western Mediterranean}, author = {Bell} } @article {411, title = {The significance of the Mediterranean Sea to global climatology}, journal = {Ocean Management}, volume = {2}, year = {1975}, abstract = {

Food production is affected by climate and by climate change. The indices for climate change may be recognized in long-term systematic observations of oceanic water columns at selected referential sites. The Mediterranean Sea, as part of the global oceanic circulation system, may be sensitive to climatic variation and may have an influence upon climate. The establishment of international reference stations for the Mediterranean area is suggested.

}, keywords = {approche g{\'e}n{\'e}rale, changement climatique, climate, climate change, food production, impact, Mediterranean sea, Mer M{\'e}diterran{\'e}e, production d{\textquoteright}aliments}, author = {A.R. Miller} }